Chapter 16: Chronic Conditions Flashcards
Hypertension
High blood pressure reading more than 140/90 mm Hg.
Blood Pressure
The force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries during the two phases of the cardiac cycle.
Systolic
The pressure in blood vessels when the heart beats (ventricular contraction).
Diastolic
The pressure in blood vessels when the heart rests (ventricular filling).
Stroke
When the blood flow to the brain is interrupted long enough to cause damage.
Risk Factors
Variables associated with increased risk of disease or infection.
Postexercise Hypotension
A drop in blood pressure in the first minutes after an exercise session.
Hereditary
Relating to the biological process responsible for passing on traits from one generation to another.
Millimeters of Mercury
The measure of a unit of pressure.
Normal Systolic Blood Pressure
Less than 120 mm Hg
Prehypertension Systolic Blood Pressure
120–139 mm Hg
Hypertension Systolic Blood Pressure
140 mm Hg or higher
Normal Diastolic Blood Pressure
Less than 80 mm Hg
Prehypertension Diastolic Blood Pressure
80–89 mm Hg
Hypertension Diastolic Blood Pressure
90 mm Hg or higher
Obesity
An abnormal or excessive accumulation of bodyfat that may cause additional health risks.
Diabetes
A condition characterized by an elevated level of glucose in the blood.
Atherosclerosis
The buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in the artery walls.
Concurrent Training
Including both cardiorespiratory exercise and resistance training into a fitness program.
Competency
The ability to do something successfully or efficiently.
Autonomy
The need for self-governance and control over one’s own behaviors.
Syncope
Temporary loss of consciousness related to insufficient blood flow to the brain.
Valsalva Maneuver
The act of forcibly exhaling with a closed windpipe, where there is no air that is exiting via the nose or mouth.
Beta blockers
One of the most widely prescribed classes of drugs to treat hypertension.
Estimated heart rate max formula
162 – (0.7 x age) = estimated maximum heart rate (HRmax)
Talk Test
The ability to speak during exercise as a gauge of the relative intensity.
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet
A low-sodium, whole-food diet created for the treatment of hypertension.
Insulin
A hormone produced in the pancreas to regulate blood sugar.
Heart Disease
A term used to describe several different heart conditions.
Cardiometabolic
A combination of metabolic dysfunctions mainly characterized by insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and central adiposity..
Prediabetes
A condition where blood glucose is higher than it should be, but not in the diabetes range.
Type 2 Diabetes
A long-term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.
Type 1 Diabetes
A chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin.
Gestational Diabetes
A condition characterized by an elevated level of glucose in the blood during pregnancy, typically resolving after the birth.
Hyperglycemia
Elevated blood glucose.
Insulin Resistance
An impaired response of the body to insulin, increasing levels of blood glucose.
Hemoglobin A1C
A minor component of hemoglobin to which glucose is bound.
Hypoglycemia
The condition of lower-than-normal blood glucose.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age.
Retinopathy
Disease of the retina that results in impairment or loss of vision.
Neuropathy
Disease or dysfunction of one or more peripheral nerves, typically causing numbness or weakness.
Nephropathy
Disease or damage of the kidney.
Advanced Peripheral Neuropathy
A result of damage to peripheral nerves that often causes weakness, numbness, and pain.
Proliferative Retinopathy
An overgrowth of blood vessels around the retina.
Comorbidities
The simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a person.
Exercise Stress Test
An assessment that usually involves walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while heart rhythm, blood pressure, and breathing are monitored.
Ketoacidosis
A serious complication of diabetes that occurs when the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones.
Ketones
By-products of the breakdown of fatty acids.
Osteoarthritis
Degeneration of joint cartilage and the underlying bone.
Rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic progressive disease causing inflammation in the joints.
Fibromyalgia
A chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness in localized areas.
Gout
A disease in which defective metabolism of uric acid causes arthritis.
Abnormal Pain Reception Processing
An increase in the subjective interpretation of discomfort due to abnormal sensory processing in the central nervous system.
Flare
A sudden surge in rheumatoid arthritis inflammation.
Remission
A significant reduction in symptoms and signs of rheumatoid arthritis.
Hyperuricemia
An abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood.
Human Leukocyte Antigen
Genes that help the immune system distinguish the body’s own proteins from foreign antigens.
Lupus
A chronic autoimmune disease that creates inflammation and pain in various parts of the body.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
A persistent mental and emotional stress that occurs as a result of injury or psychological shock.
Purines
A number of biologically important compounds, such as adenosine, caffeine, and uric acid.
Coronary Artery Disease
The narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries.
Arrhythmia
This is an irregular or unusually fast or slow heartbeat. Two types of arrhythmia include ventricular fibrillation, which may lead to death if not treated right away with an electrical shock, called defibrillation, and atrial fibrillation, which may cause a stroke.
Cardiomyopathy
The heart becomes enlarged or stiff. This makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body.
Heart Failure
Also called congestive heart failure, this is when the heart is too weak to pump blood to meet the body’s needs. Fluids build up in the lungs, liver, gastrointestinal tract, arms, and legs.
Peripheral Arterial Disease
The blood vessels in the arms and legs become narrowed or stiff—usually the cause of atherosclerosis—and blood flow is low or fully blocked.
Angina
A condition marked by severe chest pain.
Asthma
A respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing.
Hyperresponsiveness
The acute, early phase of an asthma attack.
Triggers
Any chemical, irritant, or allergen that causes an inflammatory response of the airways.
Hyperventilation
To breathe at an abnormally rapid rate, increasing the rate of loss of carbon dioxide.
Wheezing
Breathing with a whistling or rattling sound in the chest.
Corticosteroids
A group of natural and synthetic steroid hormones produced by the pituitary gland.
Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction
Asthma attack triggered by doing sports or physical activity.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
A condition in which acidic gastric fluid flows backward into the esophagus, resulting in heartburn.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
A lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible.
Action Plan
A set of individualized written instructions, designed with a doctor, that details how a person with asthma should manage their asthma at home.
Glucocorticoids
A group of corticosteroids involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Steroid Myopathy
Weakness primarily to proximal muscles of the upper and lower extremities and neck caused by treatment with corticosteroids.
