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ISSA CPT 10.0 Exam Prep > Chapter 5: Concepts of Biomechanics > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Concepts of Biomechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

Biomechanics

A

The study of the mechanical laws governing movement of living organisms.

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2
Q

Kinesiology

A

The study of the mechanics of human movement.

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3
Q

Anatomical Position

A

The anatomically neutral body position facing forward with the arms at the sides of the body and palms and toes pointing straight ahead.

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4
Q

Anterior or ventral

A

Front of the body or toward the front relative to another reference point

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5
Q

Posterior or dorsal

A

Back of the body or toward the back relative to another reference point

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6
Q

Superior

A

Above a reference point

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7
Q

Inferior

A

Below a reference point

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8
Q

Proximal

A

Position closer to the center of the body relative to a reference point

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9
Q

Distal

A

Position farther from the reference point

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10
Q

Medial

A

Position relatively closer to the midline of the body

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11
Q

Lateral

A

Position relatively farther from the midline of the body

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12
Q

Prone

A

Lying facedown

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13
Q

Supine

A

Lying on one’s backside

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14
Q

Deep

A

Further beneath the surface relative to another reference point

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15
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface relative to another reference point

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16
Q

Unilateral

A

Refers to only one side

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17
Q

Bilateral

A

Refers to both sides

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18
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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19
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side

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20
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the bottom

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21
Q

Cephalic

A

Toward the head

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22
Q

Volar

A

Relating to the palm of the hand or sole of the foot

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23
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline

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24
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the midline

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25
Q

Flexion

A

Movement decreasing the angle between two body parts

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26
Q

Extension

A

Movement increasing the angle between two body parts

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27
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Flexion in the frontal plane

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28
Q

Protraction

A

Abduction of the scapula

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29
Q

Retraction

A

Adduction of the scapula

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30
Q

Elevation

A

Movement in a superior direction

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31
Q

Depression

A

Movement in an inferior direction

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32
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Extension of the foot downward (inferiorly)

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33
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexion of the foot upward (superiorly)

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34
Q

External rotation

A

Rotational movement away from the midline

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35
Q

Internal rotation

A

Rotational movement toward the midline

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36
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular movement of a limb extending from the joint where the movement is controlled

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37
Q

Inversion

A

Movement of the sole of the foot toward the median plane

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38
Q

Eversion

A

Movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane

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39
Q

Pronation

A

Turning the palm or arch of the foot down

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40
Q

Supination

A

Turning the palm or arch of the foot up

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41
Q

Hyperextension

A

Position that extends beyond anatomical neutral

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42
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same-side movement

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43
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite-side movement

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44
Q

Lateral

A

Situated away from the midline

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45
Q

Medial

A

Situated toward or closer to the midline

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46
Q

Frontal Plane

A

An imaginary line that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.

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47
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

An imaginary line that divides the body into left and right halves.

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48
Q

Transverse Plane

A

An imaginary line that divides the body into inferior and superior halves.

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49
Q

Range of Motion

A

The measurement of movement around a specific joint or body part.

50
Q

Balance

A

An even distribution of weight enabling someone or something to maintain its center of gravity within a base of support.

51
Q

Equilibrium

A

A state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.

52
Q

Stability

A

The ability to control and maintain control of joint movement or body position.

53
Q

Center of Gravity

A

The hypothetical position in the body where the combined mass appears to be concentrated and the point around which gravity appears to act.

54
Q

Base of Support

A

The area beneath an object or person that includes every point of contact that the object or person makes with the supporting surface.

55
Q

Gravity

A

The attraction between objects and the Earth.

56
Q

Muscular Force

A

Involves the contraction of a muscle while exerting a force and performing work. It can be concentric (shortening), eccentric (lengthening), or isometric (tension without joint movement).

57
Q

Dynamic Balance

A

The ability to remain upright and balanced when the body and/or arms and legs are in motion.

58
Q

Static Balance

A

The ability to remain upright and balanced when the body is at rest.

59
Q

Mass

A

The amount of matter in an object.

60
Q

Weight

A

The gravitational force of attraction on an object.

61
Q

Line of Gravity

A

A vertical line straight through the center of gravity.

62
Q

Joint Mobility

A

The degree of movement around a joint before movement is restricted by surrounding tissues.

63
Q

Joint Stability

A

The ability of the muscles around a joint to control movement or hold the joint in a fixed (stable) position.

64
Q

Laws of Motion

A

The laws of physics describing movement.

65
Q

Newton’s first law of motion

A

Newton’s first law states that a body in motion tends to stay in motion while a body at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted on by an outside force.

66
Q

Force

A

The interaction that creates work or physical change. Its components are magnitude, direction, point of application, and line of action.

67
Q

Inertia

A

The resistance to action or change and describes the acceleration and deceleration of the human body.

68
Q

Acceleration

A

The rate of change of velocity.

69
Q

Deceleration

A

A special type of acceleration where a person or object is slowing down.

70
Q

Newton’s second law of motion

A

First, a change in acceleration of mass occurs in the same direction of the force causing it. Second, the change of acceleration is directly proportional to the force causing it and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.

71
Q

Velocity

A

The speed of an object and the direction it takes while moving.

72
Q

Force equation

A

F = m x a

73
Q

Force-Velocity Curve

A

A representation of the inverse relationship between force and velocity in muscle contraction.

74
Q

Power equation

A

F x velocity = P

75
Q

Acceleration equation

A

a = change in v / change in t

76
Q

Momentum

A

The quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass and velocity.

77
Q

Newton’s third law of motion

A

Newton’s third law states that for every action, there is an opposite and equal reaction.

78
Q

Speed

A

The ability to move the body in one direction as fast as possible.

79
Q

Ground Reaction Force

A

The force the ground exerts on a body it is in contact with.

80
Q

Friction

A

The resistance of relative motion that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.

81
Q

Compression Force

A

The force of two surfaces pressing toward one another.

82
Q

Tensile Force

A

The force when two surfaces pull apart from one another.

83
Q

Shear Force

A

The force of two surfaces moving across one another.

84
Q

Muscular Contraction

A

The shortening or resistance to lengthening of a muscle fiber.

85
Q

Linear Motion

A

Movement along a line, straight or curved.

86
Q

Angular Motion

A

Rotation around an axis.

87
Q

Axis

A

Point of rotation around which a lever moves.

88
Q

Displacement

A

The distance an object is displaced from a starting point.

89
Q

Distance

A

The total or sum of the length an object travels.

90
Q

Angular Displacement

A

The change of location of an object that is rotating about an axis.

91
Q

Linear Displacement

A

The distance an object moves in a straight line.

92
Q

Kinetics

A

The study of forces acting on a mechanism.

93
Q

Mechanical Advantage

A

The ratio of force that creates meaningful movement compared to the force applied to generate the movement.

94
Q

Work

A

Force times distance measured in foot-pounds.

95
Q

Work equation

A

W = F x D

96
Q

Power

A

The combination of strength and speed—the ability for a muscle to generate maximal tension as quickly as possible.

97
Q

Mechanical Work

A

The amount of energy transferred by a force, the product of force and distance.

98
Q

Levers

A

A rigid or semirigid bar rotating around a fixed point when force is applied to one end.

99
Q

Fulcrum

A

The point on which a lever rests or is supported and on which it pivots.

100
Q

Effort Arm

A

The portion of the lever arm between the applied effort and the axis.

101
Q

Lever Arm

A

The rigid bar portion of a lever that rotates around the fulcrum.

102
Q

Resistance Arm

A

The portion of the lever arm between the load and the axis.

103
Q

Moment Arm

A

The perpendicular distance between the fulcrum and the line of the force being applied.

104
Q

First Class Lever

A

For a first-class lever, the fulcrum (axis) is located between the effort and the load (resistance).

105
Q

Second Class Lever

A

For a second-class lever, the load (resistance) is located between the fulcrum (axis) and the effort.

106
Q

Third Class Lever

A

For a third-class lever, the effort is between the fulcrum (axis) and the load (resistance).

107
Q

Torque

A

Force applied that results in rotation about an axis.

108
Q

Rotary Motion

A

The movement around a fixed axis moving in a curved path.

109
Q

Force Arm

A

The distance between the fulcrum and the force or load application in a lever.

110
Q

Origin

A

The proximal muscular attachment point to a bone.

111
Q

Insertion

A

The distal muscular attachment point to a bone.

112
Q

Agonist

A

The primary muscle used for a mechanical movement.

113
Q

Synergist

A

Muscle(s) supporting the mechanical movement of a prime mover.

114
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle(s) opposing the mechanical movement of a prime mover.

115
Q

Sherrington’s Law of Reciprocal Inhibition

A

A law that states that for every muscle activation, there is a corresponding inhibition of the opposing muscle.

116
Q

Stabilizer Muscles

A

The muscles playing the role of stabilizing or minimizing joint movement.

117
Q

Length-Tension Relationship

A

The amount of tension a muscle can produce with respect to its length.

118
Q

Force-Couple Relationship

A

Two or more muscles acting in different directions that influence the rotation of a joint in a specific direction.

119
Q

Muscle Synergies

A

The activation of a group of muscles to generate movement around a particular joint.

120
Q

Innervation

A

The distribution or supply of nerves.

ISSA CPT 10.0 Exam Prep (19 decks)

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