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BIO 307 > Chapter 7 - Bones > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Bones Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cartilage

A

covers many joint surfaces of mature bone

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2
Q

ligaments

A

hold bones togetther at joints

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3
Q

tendons

A

attach muscle to bone

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4
Q

functions of skeleton

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • electrolyte balance: phosphate/calcium levels
  • acid-base balance: buffers blood against large pH changes by altering phosphate and carbonate salt levels
  • blood formation: red bone marrow is producer of blood cells
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5
Q

flat bones

A
  • thin, curved plates
  • protect soft orgrans
  • ex. skull bones
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6
Q

long bones

A
  • longer than wide
  • rigid levers acted upon muscles; crucial for movement
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7
Q

short bones

A
  • approximately equal in length and width
  • glide across one another in multiple directions
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8
Q

irregular bones

A
  • elaborate shapes that do not fit into other categories
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9
Q

compact bone

A

dense outer shell of bone

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10
Q

spongy bone

A
  • loosely organized bone tissue
  • found in the center of ends and shafts of long bones and in the middle of nearly all others
  • covered by compact bone
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11
Q

anatomy of a long bone

diaphysis

A

elongated, cylindrical shaft

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12
Q

anatomy of a long bone

epiphysis

A

knobby region, joint, surface for bone to bone articulation, tendon and ligament attachment

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13
Q

anatomy of a long bone

metaphysis

A

region found between the diaphysis and epiphysis, contains the epiphyseal growth plate

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14
Q

anatomy of a long bone

epiphyseal line

A

remnant of the growth plate, made of a thin layer of compact bone

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15
Q

general features of bones

articular cartilage

A

layer of cartilage that covers joint surface; allows joint to move more freely

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16
Q

general features of bones

nutrient foramina

A

minute holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate
(little holes)

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17
Q

general features of bones

periosteum

A

external sheath covering most of bone
* outer fibrous layer of collagen
- some fibers continuous with tendons
- perforating fibers: penetrate into bone matrix
* inner osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells
- important to bone growth and healing of fractures

18
Q

osteogenic cells

A

stem cells found in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum
* arise from embryonic mesenchyme
* multiply continuously and give rise to most other bone cell types

19
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells
* hardens when minerals are deposited
* stress stimulates osteogenic cells to multiply repidly and increase the number of osteoblasts which reinforce bone
** osteocalcin:** hormone stimulates insulin secretion of pancreas

20
Q

osteocytes

A

osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix
* act as strain sensors: when stressed, produce biochemical signals that regulate bone remodeling

21
Q

osteoclasts

A

blone-dissolving cells found on bone surface
* cells often reside in resorption bays
* dissolving bone is part of bone remodeling
* repairs microfractures, releases minerals into blood, reshapes bones in response to use/disuse

22
Q

bone marrow

A

soft tissue occupying marow cavities of long bones and small spaces of spongy bone

23
Q

red marrow (myeloid tissue)

A
  • contains hemopoietic tissue (which produces blood cells)
  • in children: found in every bone
  • adults: found in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic gridle
24
Q

calcium homeostasis

A
  • phosphate is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids, and pH buffers
  • calcium needed in neuron communication, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and exocytosis
    minerals deposited into skeleton, withdrawn when needed for above purposes ^
25
Q

calcitriol

A
  • most active form of vitamin D
  • produced by actions of skin, liver, and kidneys
  • hormone that raises blood calcium level
26
Q

rickets/osteomalacia

A

inadequate calcitriol results in abnormal softness of bones in children and adults

27
Q

calcitonin

A

secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels rise too high
* lowers blood calcium concentration
* may inhibit bone loss in pregnant and lactating women

28
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

PTH: secreted by parathyroid glands
* released when calcium levels low in blood

29
Q

orthopedics

A

branch of medicine dealing with prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of bones, joints, and muscles

30
Q

achondroplastic dwarfism

A
  • long bones stop growing in childhood
  • normal torso, short limbs
  • failure of cartilage growth in metaphysis
  • spontaneous mutation produces mutant dominant allele (doesn’t have to have a genetic componet)
31
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A
  • lack of growth hormone
  • normal proportions with short stature
32
Q

anabolic steroid affect on bone

A
  • cause growth to stop
  • epiphyseal plate “closes” prematurely
  • results in short adult stature
33
Q

stress fracture

A

break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone (ex. in a fall)

34
Q

pathological fracture

A
  • break in bone weakened by disease (such as bone cancer or osteoporosis)
  • usually caused by a stress that would not break a healthy bone
35
Q

4 types of bone fractures

A
  1. nondisplaced
  2. displaced
  3. comminuted: shatter plates
  4. greenstick: bends then splinters
36
Q

fractures

4 steps of the healing process

A
  1. hematoma formation
  2. soft callus formation
  3. hard callus formation
  4. bone remodeling
37
Q

closed reduction

A

procedure in which bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery

38
Q

open reduction

A

involves surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments

39
Q

cast

A

normally used to stabilize and immobilize healing bone

40
Q

osteoporosis

A

the most common bone disease
* severe loss of bone density
* estrogen: maintains bone density in both sexes; inhibits resorption by osteoclasts
* postmenopausal white womens at greatest risk
* young female athletes with low body fat, stop ovulating

41
Q

treatments of osteoporosis

A

ERT: estrogen replacement therapy slows bone resorption, but increases risk of breast cancer, stroke, heart disease
Drugs: fosamax, actonel: destroy osteoclasts
PTH: slows bone loss if given as daily injection (2 year max = leads to bone cancer
Prevention = best treatment = exercise

BIO 307 (11 decks)

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