Chapter 1 - Homeostasis Flashcards
What is Hippocrates know for?
“Father of Medicine”
Medical practice based on observations and study of the human body
Treat the body as a whole
What is Aristotle known for?
First speculated about the function of the human body
What is Herophilus known for?
“Father of anatomy”
First to publicly dissect and compare human and animals
What is Galen known for?
“Prince of physians”
Stressed importance of experimentation in medicine
Who created the idea of an anatomy theater?
Leonardo DaVinci in 1500s
What was Vesalius known for?
“Reformer of anatomy”
1st anatomically correct textbook
Med students worked on operating tables
What is Claude Bernard known for?
Constancy/stability of our internal environment is required for us to exist
What is Walter Cannon known for?
He described our relative constancy of our internal environment as homeostasis
Anatomy
Is defined as the study of structure.
Different from physiology which is functional
Microscopic vs macroscopic
Microscopic: cannot be observed by the naked eye
Cytology: cellular anatomy
Histology: tissues
Macroscopic: visible to the unaided eye (gross)
Comparative definition (gross)
Similarities and differences between species
Developmental definition (gross)
Changes in structure from conception to maturity
Embryology definition (gross)
Developmental changes prior to birth
Regional definition (gross)
Structures in a particular region of the body
Surface definition (gross)
Structures as they relate to skin
Systemic definition (gross)
Gross anatomy of each system in the body (ex. Respiratory, uniary)
Define pathologic
Anatomic changes from disease
Define radiographic
Ultrasound, MRI, xray to study relationships between internal structures
Define surgical
Anatomic landmarks before and after surgery
Define organization
Complex structure and order
Define metabolism
Chemical reactions that can:
1. Breakdown ingested nutrients
2. Use the cells own energy to preform functions
3. Contract and relax muscles to move the body
Define growth + development
Increase size and function
Define responsiveness
Responding to internal or external environments
- acid reflux/heartburn
- hot and cold temperatures (sweating)
Define adaptation
- Altering anatomy, physiology, or behavior to increase long-term reproductive success
- darkened skin pigment if you live in an area with a lot of sun exposure
Define reproduction
- produce new cells for growth, maintenance and repair
- developing new living organisms
Define physiology
The study of function
Comparative physiology: study of different species to learn about body functions (basis for our understanding)
Define homeostasis
Maintaining a constant internal environment
- The main purpose of our physiological mechanisms is to maintain homeostasis
- maintained by a negative feedback loop
Steps in maintaining homeostasis (Negative Feedback Loop)
- Set point: The optimal level for the body to function
- Sensors: (receptor) detects changes away from set point
- Integrating center: receives info from sensors and elicits a decision
- Effectors: makes changes decided by the integrating Center
Define negative feedback loop
The activity of the effectors leads to a change in the opposite direction of the original change
Define positive feedback coop
The action of the effector amplifies the changes that stimulated the effector
Ex. Contractions in the uterus, blood clothing
Describe anatomic position
Feet on floor, head level, eyes forward, arms at side, plams facing forward, thumbs pointing away from body
Describe anatomic position
Feet on floor, head level, eyes forward, arms at side, plams facing forward, thumbs pointing away from body
Define anterior/posterior
In front of /In back of
- the stomach is anterior to the spinal cord
- the heart is posterior to the sternum
Define dorsal/ventral
Back side/belly side
- spinal cord is on the dorsal side
- the belly button is on the ventral side
Define superior/inferior
Closer to the head/closer to the feet
- the chest is superior to the pelvis
- the stomach is inferior to the heart
Define media/lateral
Toward the midline/away from the midline
- the lungs are medial to the shoulders
- the arms are lateral to the heart
Define proximal/distal
Closet to the point of attachment to the trunk/furthest from point of attachment to the trunk
- the elbow is proximal to the hand
- the wrist is distal to the elbow
