Chapter 1 - Homeostasis

Question 1

What is Hippocrates know for?

Answer 1

“Father of Medicine”
Medical practice based on observations and study of the human body
Treat the body as a whole

Question 2

What is Aristotle known for?

Answer 2

First speculated about the function of the human body

Question 3

What is Herophilus known for?

Answer 3

“Father of anatomy”
First to publicly dissect and compare human and animals

Question 4

What is Galen known for?

Answer 4

“Prince of physians”
Stressed importance of experimentation in medicine

Question 5

Who created the idea of an anatomy theater?

Answer 5

Leonardo DaVinci in 1500s

Question 6

What was Vesalius known for?

Answer 6

“Reformer of anatomy”
1st anatomically correct textbook
Med students worked on operating tables

Question 7

What is Claude Bernard known for?

Answer 7

Constancy/stability of our internal environment is required for us to exist

Question 8

What is Walter Cannon known for?

Answer 8

He described our relative constancy of our internal environment as homeostasis

Question 9

Anatomy

Answer 9

Is defined as the study of structure.
Different from physiology which is functional

Question 10

Microscopic vs macroscopic

Answer 10

Microscopic: cannot be observed by the naked eye
Cytology: cellular anatomy
Histology: tissues
Macroscopic: visible to the unaided eye (gross)

Question 11

Comparative definition (gross)

Answer 11

Similarities and differences between species

Question 12

Developmental definition (gross)

Answer 12

Changes in structure from conception to maturity

Question 13

Embryology definition (gross)

Answer 13

Developmental changes prior to birth

Question 14

Regional definition (gross)

Answer 14

Structures in a particular region of the body

Question 15

Surface definition (gross)

Answer 15

Structures as they relate to skin

Question 16

Systemic definition (gross)

Answer 16

Gross anatomy of each system in the body (ex. Respiratory, uniary)

Question 17

Define pathologic

Answer 17

Anatomic changes from disease

Question 18

Define radiographic

Answer 18

Ultrasound, MRI, xray to study relationships between internal structures

Question 19

Define surgical

Answer 19

Anatomic landmarks before and after surgery

Question 20

Define organization

Answer 20

Complex structure and order

Question 21

Define metabolism

Answer 21

Chemical reactions that can:
1. Breakdown ingested nutrients
2. Use the cells own energy to preform functions
3. Contract and relax muscles to move the body

Question 22

Define growth + development

Answer 22

Increase size and function

Question 23

Define responsiveness

Answer 23

Responding to internal or external environments
- acid reflux/heartburn
- hot and cold temperatures (sweating)

Question 24

Define adaptation

Answer 24

• Altering anatomy, physiology, or behavior to increase long-term reproductive success
• darkened skin pigment if you live in an area with a lot of sun exposure

Question 25

Define reproduction

Answer 25

• produce new cells for growth, maintenance and repair
• developing new living organisms

Question 26

Define physiology

Answer 26

The study of function
Comparative physiology: study of different species to learn about body functions (basis for our understanding)

Question 27

Define homeostasis

Answer 27

Maintaining a constant internal environment
- The main purpose of our physiological mechanisms is to maintain homeostasis
- maintained by a negative feedback loop

Question 28

Steps in maintaining homeostasis (Negative Feedback Loop)

Answer 28

1. Set point: The optimal level for the body to function
2. Sensors: (receptor) detects changes away from set point
3. Integrating center: receives info from sensors and elicits a decision
4. Effectors: makes changes decided by the integrating Center

Question 29

Define negative feedback loop

Answer 29

The activity of the effectors leads to a change in the opposite direction of the original change

Question 30

Define positive feedback coop

Answer 30

The action of the effector amplifies the changes that stimulated the effector
Ex. Contractions in the uterus, blood clothing

Question 31

Describe anatomic position

Answer 31

Feet on floor, head level, eyes forward, arms at side, plams facing forward, thumbs pointing away from body

Question 32

Describe anatomic position

Answer 32

Feet on floor, head level, eyes forward, arms at side, plams facing forward, thumbs pointing away from body

Question 33

Define anterior/posterior

Answer 33

In front of /In back of
- the stomach is anterior to the spinal cord
- the heart is posterior to the sternum

Question 34

Define dorsal/ventral

Answer 34

Back side/belly side
- spinal cord is on the dorsal side
- the belly button is on the ventral side

Question 35

Define superior/inferior

Answer 35

Closer to the head/closer to the feet
- the chest is superior to the pelvis
- the stomach is inferior to the heart

Question 36

Define media/lateral

Answer 36

Toward the midline/away from the midline
- the lungs are medial to the shoulders
- the arms are lateral to the heart

Question 37

Define proximal/distal

Answer 37

Closet to the point of attachment to the trunk/furthest from point of attachment to the trunk
- the elbow is proximal to the hand
- the wrist is distal to the elbow