Chapter 15 - Brain/Cranial Nerves

Question 1

5 major regions of the brain

Answer 1

1. cerebrum
2. diencephalon
3. mesencephalon
4. metancephalon
5. myelencephalon

Question 2

brain development at 4 weeks

Answer 2

prosencephalon: forebrain
mesencephalon: midbrain
rhombencephalon: hindbrain

Question 3

brain development at 5 weeks

Answer 3

prosencephalon
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
mesencephalon
- mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
- metaencephalon
- myelencephalon

Question 4

gyrus (gyri)

Answer 4

risen portion

Question 5

sulcus (sulci)

Answer 5

areas of depression

Question 6

telencephalon (cerebrum)

grey matter

Answer 6

neuron cell bodies
(processes info and decides how to proceed)

Question 7

telencephalon (cerebrum)

cerebral cortex

Answer 7

covers surface

Question 8

telencephalon (cerebrum)

cerebral (basal) nuclei

Answer 8

oval clusters of grey matter

Question 9

telencephalon (cerebrum)

white matter

Answer 9

axons
(carry info from one place to another)

Question 10

telencephalon (cerebrum)

cerebral hemispheres

Answer 10

separated by a deep longitudinal fissure
“midsagittal plane”

Question 11

telencephalon (cerebrum)

corpus callosum

Answer 11

bundle of axons forming a tract linking the two hemispheres
“communication”

Question 12

frontal lobe

Answer 12

• anterior
• ends at central sulcus
• voluntary motor functions, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality

Question 13

parietal bone

Answer 13

• lies between the central sulcus and the parieto-occipital sulcus
• contains the postcentral gyrus
• sensory function, evaluation of shape and textures

Question 14

temporal lobe

Answer 14

• lies under temporal bone
• hearing and smell

Question 15

occipital lobe

Answer 15

• posterior region
• processing visual information and storing of memories

Question 16

insula lobe

Answer 16

• found underneath the temporal lobe
• taste and memory

Question 17

functional areas of frontal lobe

primary motor complex
(precentral gyrus)

Answer 17

controls voluntary skeletal muscle (left hemisphere controls right side of body)

Question 18

functional areas of frontal lobe

broca area

Answer 18

motor speech area
left frontal lobe

Question 19

functional areas of frontal lobe

frontal eye field

Answer 19

anterior to the primary motor cortex, coordination of eye movement

Question 20

functional areas of parietal lobe

primary somatosensory complex
(postcentral gyrus)

Answer 20

receives information from touch, pressure, pain, temperature

Question 21

functional areas of occupital lobe

primary visual cortex

Answer 21

recieves and processes visual information

Question 22

wernickle area

Answer 22

understanding + comprehension of spoken and written language

Question 23

diencephalon

thalamus

Answer 23

• recieves sensory impulses from all the senses except olfaction
• relays the information to the primary somatosensory cortex

Question 24

diencephalon

hypothalamus

Answer 24

major control center of:
* circadian rhythm
* automatic nervous system
* endocrine system
* emtional state
* food and water intake

Question 25

# metencephalon pons

Answer 25

* anterior part of the brainstem * houses sensory and motor tracts connecting the brain and spinal cord

Question 26

cerebellum

Answer 26

* receives information about torso position and balance * fine tunes skeletal muscle movement (helps us stay upright)

Question 27

# myelencephalon medulla oblongata

Answer 27

* communication * all tracts either ascending or descending between the brain and spinal cord run through * connection to spinal cord

Question 28

3 different types of protection

Answer 28

1. meninges 2. cerebrospinal fluid 3. blood-brain barrier

Question 29

meninges

Answer 29

3 protective connective tissue layers that stabilize and cushion the soft tissues of the brain from the bones of the skull

Question 30

describe the 3 layers of the meninges

Answer 30

**pia mater:** innermost, adheres to the brain **arachnoid mater:** middle layer, comprised of collagen and elastic fibers **dura mater:** 2 tough fibrous layers

Question 31

define cerebrospinal fluid describe 3 functions

Answer 31

clear liquid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord 1. buoyancy: allows it to float and not crush under its own weight 2. protection: movement buffer 3. environment stability: transports nutrients and chemicals to the brain and removes waste

Question 32

blood brain barrier

Answer 32

* limits and regulates what substances can enter into the interstitial fluid of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid * lipid soluble components - alcohol, nicotine can readily pass

Question 33

2 main "players" in the blood-brain barrier

Answer 33

1. astrocytes: perivascular feet, contain enzymes 2. tight junctions: between the endothelial cells, tightly packed like traffic

Question 34

meningitis

Answer 34

* bacterial or viral * fever, headache, vomiting, STIFF NECK * respiratory droplets ****antibodies are too large to pass through the blood-brain barrier****

Question 35

hydrocephalus

Answer 35

CSF blockage kids: sutures arent fused so the skull will expand adults: fluid presses inward (brain damage) treatment: shunt with drain

Question 36

parkinson's disease

Answer 36

* deficiency in the neurotransmitter dopamine * degeneration of neurons in the brain * SHUFFLING GAIT, stiff posture, slow movement * slow progessing

Question 37

epilepsy

Answer 37

* recurring motor, sensory or psychological malfunction * neurons firing at unpredictable times/rates * with/without convulsive movements

Question 38

olfactory nerve CN I

Answer 38

smell

Question 39

optic nerve CN II

Answer 39

vision

Question 40

oculomotor CN III

Answer 40

upper eyelid, extrinsic eye muscles

Question 41

trochlear nerve CN IV

Answer 41

1 extrinsic eye muscle

Question 42

Abducens nerve CN VI

Answer 42

muscle that pulls eye laterally (abduction)

Question 43

trigeminal nerve CN V

Answer 43

sensory nerve to face muscles of mastication

Question 44

facial nerve CN VII

Answer 44

motor nerve to face bells palsy

Question 45

vestibulocochlear nerve CN VIII

Answer 45

balance hearing

Question 46

glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

Answer 46

taste and swallowing

Question 47

vagus nerve CN X

Answer 47

sensory and motor to internal organs "rest and digest"

Question 48

accessory nerve CN XI

Answer 48

assess weakness or paralysis of neck muscles

Question 49

hypoglossal nerve CN XII

Answer 49

move tongue