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BIO 307 > Chapter 15 - Brain/Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Brain/Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

5 major regions of the brain

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. diencephalon
  3. mesencephalon
  4. metancephalon
  5. myelencephalon
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2
Q

brain development at 4 weeks

A

prosencephalon: forebrain
mesencephalon: midbrain
rhombencephalon: hindbrain

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3
Q

brain development at 5 weeks

A

prosencephalon
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
mesencephalon
- mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
- metaencephalon
- myelencephalon

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4
Q

gyrus (gyri)

A

risen portion

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5
Q

sulcus (sulci)

A

areas of depression

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6
Q

telencephalon (cerebrum)

grey matter

A

neuron cell bodies
(processes info and decides how to proceed)

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7
Q

telencephalon (cerebrum)

cerebral cortex

A

covers surface

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8
Q

telencephalon (cerebrum)

cerebral (basal) nuclei

A

oval clusters of grey matter

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9
Q

telencephalon (cerebrum)

white matter

A

axons
(carry info from one place to another)

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10
Q

telencephalon (cerebrum)

cerebral hemispheres

A

separated by a deep longitudinal fissure
“midsagittal plane”

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11
Q

telencephalon (cerebrum)

corpus callosum

A

bundle of axons forming a tract linking the two hemispheres
“communication”

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12
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • anterior
  • ends at central sulcus
  • voluntary motor functions, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality
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13
Q

parietal bone

A
  • lies between the central sulcus and the parieto-occipital sulcus
  • contains the postcentral gyrus
  • sensory function, evaluation of shape and textures
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14
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • lies under temporal bone
  • hearing and smell
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15
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • posterior region
  • processing visual information and storing of memories
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16
Q

insula lobe

A
  • found underneath the temporal lobe
  • taste and memory
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17
Q

functional areas of frontal lobe

primary motor complex
(precentral gyrus)

A

controls voluntary skeletal muscle (left hemisphere controls right side of body)

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18
Q

functional areas of frontal lobe

broca area

A

motor speech area
left frontal lobe

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19
Q

functional areas of frontal lobe

frontal eye field

A

anterior to the primary motor cortex, coordination of eye movement

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20
Q

functional areas of parietal lobe

primary somatosensory complex
(postcentral gyrus)

A

receives information from touch, pressure, pain, temperature

21
Q

functional areas of occupital lobe

primary visual cortex

A

recieves and processes visual information

22
Q

wernickle area

A

understanding + comprehension of spoken and written language

23
Q

diencephalon

thalamus

A
  • recieves sensory impulses from all the senses except olfaction
  • relays the information to the primary somatosensory cortex
24
Q

diencephalon

hypothalamus

A

major control center of:
* circadian rhythm
* automatic nervous system
* endocrine system
* emtional state
* food and water intake

25
Q

metencephalon

pons

A
  • anterior part of the brainstem
  • houses sensory and motor tracts connecting the brain and spinal cord
26
Q

cerebellum

A
  • receives information about torso position and balance
  • fine tunes skeletal muscle movement
    (helps us stay upright)
27
Q

myelencephalon

medulla oblongata

A
  • communication
  • all tracts either ascending or descending between the brain and spinal cord run through
  • connection to spinal cord
28
Q

3 different types of protection

A
  1. meninges
  2. cerebrospinal fluid
  3. blood-brain barrier
29
Q

meninges

A

3 protective connective tissue layers that stabilize and cushion the soft tissues of the brain from the bones of the skull

30
Q

describe the 3 layers of the meninges

A

pia mater: innermost, adheres to the brain
arachnoid mater: middle layer, comprised of collagen and elastic fibers
dura mater: 2 tough fibrous layers

31
Q

define cerebrospinal fluid
describe 3 functions

A

clear liquid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord
1. buoyancy: allows it to float and not crush under its own weight
2. protection: movement buffer
3. environment stability: transports nutrients and chemicals to the brain and removes waste

32
Q

blood brain barrier

A
  • limits and regulates what substances can enter into the interstitial fluid of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid
  • lipid soluble components - alcohol, nicotine can readily pass
33
Q

2 main “players” in the blood-brain barrier

A
  1. astrocytes: perivascular feet, contain enzymes
  2. tight junctions: between the endothelial cells, tightly packed like traffic
34
Q

meningitis

A
  • bacterial or viral
  • fever, headache, vomiting, STIFF NECK
  • respiratory droplets

antibodies are too large to pass through the blood-brain barrier

35
Q

hydrocephalus

A

CSF blockage
kids: sutures arent fused so the skull will expand
adults: fluid presses inward (brain damage)
treatment: shunt with drain

36
Q

parkinson’s disease

A
  • deficiency in the neurotransmitter dopamine
  • degeneration of neurons in the brain
  • SHUFFLING GAIT, stiff posture, slow movement
  • slow progessing
37
Q

epilepsy

A
  • recurring motor, sensory or psychological malfunction
  • neurons firing at unpredictable times/rates
  • with/without convulsive movements
38
Q

olfactory nerve
CN I

39
Q

optic nerve
CN II

40
Q

oculomotor
CN III

A

upper eyelid, extrinsic eye muscles

41
Q

trochlear nerve
CN IV

A

1 extrinsic eye muscle

42
Q

Abducens nerve
CN VI

A

muscle that pulls eye laterally (abduction)

43
Q

trigeminal nerve
CN V

A

sensory nerve to face
muscles of mastication

44
Q

facial nerve
CN VII

A

motor nerve to face
bells palsy

45
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve
CN VIII

A

balance
hearing

46
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve
CN IX

A

taste and swallowing

47
Q

vagus nerve
CN X

A

sensory and motor to internal organs
“rest and digest”

48
Q

accessory nerve
CN XI

A

assess weakness or paralysis of neck muscles

49
Q

hypoglossal nerve
CN XII

A

move tongue

BIO 307 (11 decks)

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