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BIO 307 > Chapter 5 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Tissues Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

intro

4 categories of tissues

A
  1. epithelial tissue
  2. connective tissue
  3. nervous tissue
  4. muscular tissue
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2
Q

intro

organ

A

structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue type

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3
Q

intro

histology

A

(microscopic anatomy)
the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs

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4
Q

primary tissue classes

tissue

A

a group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a spcific role in an organ

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5
Q

primary tissue classes

matrix (cellular material)

A

composed of:
- fibrous proteins
- clear gel called ground substance: aka called tissue fluid, extracellular fluid or interstitial fluid

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6
Q

tissue sections

histological sections

A

tissue is sliced into thin sections one or two cells thick

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7
Q

tissue sections

stains

A

tissue is mounted on slides and artificially colored with histological stain
- stains bind to different cellular components

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8
Q

longitudinal section (l.s)

A

tissue cut on its long axis

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9
Q

cross-section (c.s. or x.s.) or transverse section (t.s.)

A

tissue cut perpendicular to long axis of organ

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10
Q

oblique section

A

tissue cut at angle between cross and longitudinal sections

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11
Q

tissue sections

smear

A

tissue is rubbed across a slide
ex. blood

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12
Q

tissue sections

spread

A

some membranes and cobwebby tissues are laid out on a slide
ex. areolar tissue

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13
Q

epithelial tissue

epithelia

A

sheets of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick

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14
Q

epithelial tissue

epithelial tissue

A
  • covers body surfaces and lines body cavities
  • upper surface usually exposed to the environment or an internal space in the body
  • avascular: does not have blood vessels
  • epithelial tissue is usually nourished by connective tissue
  • high rate of mitosis (really fast cell divison)
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15
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A
  • protect deeper tissues from injury and infection
  • produces and release chemical secretions
  • excrete waste
  • absorb chemicals including nutrients
  • selectively filter substances
  • sensation
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16
Q

epithelial tissue

basement membrane

A

layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue
- anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below it

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17
Q

epithelial tissue

basal surface

A

surface of epithelial cell facing the basement membrane

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18
Q

epithelial tissue

apical surface

A

surface of epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane

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19
Q

epithelial tissue

simple epithelia

A
  • ADD THIS LINE
  • all cells touch basement membrane
20
Q

epithelial tissue

stratified epithelia

A
  • ADD THIS LINE
  • some cells rest on top of others and do not touch basement membrane
21
Q

simple epithelia

what are the 4 types of epithelia with only 1 layer?

A
  • simple squamous (thin, scaly cells)
  • simple cuboidal (square or round cells)
  • simple columar (tall, narrow cells)
  • pseudostratified columnar
22
Q

simple epithelium

simple squamous epithelium

A
  • single row of thin cells
  • permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances
  • locations: alveoli, glomeruli, and endothelium
23
Q

simple epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • single layer of square or round cells
  • absorption and secreation, mucus production, and movement
  • locations: liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles and kidney tubules
24
Q

simple epithelium

simple columnar epithelium

A
  • single row of tall, narrow cells
  • oval nuclei in basal half of cell
  • brush border (cillia) of microvilli, ciliated in some organs
  • absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus
  • locations: lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes
25
Q

stratified epithelia

stratified epithelia

A
  • range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells
  • some cells rest directly on others
    • only the deepest layer attaches to basement membrane
26
Q

stratified squamous

stratified squamous

A
  • most widespread epithelium in the body
  • deepest layers undergo continuous mitosis
    • newly produced cells push toward the surface and become flatter as they migrate upward
    • finally die and flake off: exfoliation
      2 types:
  • keratinized and non-keratinized
27
Q

stratified squamous

keratinized vs non-keratinized

A

keratinized: found on skin surface, abrasion resistant
non-keratinized: lacks surface layer of dead cells

28
Q

stratified squamous

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • multiple cell layers; cells become flat and scaly toward surface
  • resists abrasion; hinders water loss through skin; resists penetration by pathogenic organisms
  • locations: epidermis (plams and soles heavily keratinized)
29
Q

stratified squamous

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • same as keratinized epithelium without surface layer of dead cells
  • resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens
  • locations: tongue, orgal mucosa, esophagus, and vagina
30
Q

stratified epithelium

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A
  • two or more cell layers; surface cells square or round
  • secretes sweat; produces sperm and ovarian hormones
  • locations: sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles
31
Q

connective tissue

connective tissue

A

a diverse, abundant type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than matrix
- most cells are not in direct contact with each other
Highly variable vasculature
- loose connective tissues have many blood cells
- cartilage has few or no blood vessels

32
Q

functions of connective tissues

A
  • connecting organs: tendons and ligaments
  • support: bones and cartilage
  • physical protection: cranium, ribs, sternum
  • immune protection: white blood cells attack foreign invaders
  • movement: bones provide lever system
  • storage: fat, calcium, phosphorus
  • heat protection: metabolism of brown fat in infants
  • transport: blood
33
Q

fibrous connective tissue - different cell types

mast cells

A

found alongside blood vessels
* secrete heparin to inhibit clotting
* secrete histamine to dilate blood vessels

34
Q

fibrous connective tissue - different cell types

adipocytes

A

store triglycerides (fat molecules)

35
Q

fibrous connective tissue - different cell types

fibroblasts

A

produce fibers and ground substance of matrix

36
Q

fibrous connective tissue - different cell types

macrophages

A

phagocytosis and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter (antigens)

37
Q

fibrous connective tissue - different cell types

leukocytes

A
  • neutrophils attack bacteria
  • lymphocytes target bacteria, toxins and other foreign agents
38
Q

fibrous connective tissue - different cell types

plasma proteins

A

antibodies

39
Q

fibrous connective tissue

what 3 fibers compose fibrous connective tissue

A
  1. collagenous fibers
  2. reticular fibers
  3. elastic fibers
40
Q

fibrous connective tissue

collagenous fibers

A
  • most abundant of the body’s proteins (25%)
  • tough, flexible, and stretch-resistant
  • tendons, ligaments and deep layer of skin are mostly collagen
41
Q

fibrous connective tissue

reticular fibers

A

thin collagen fibers that form framework of spleen and lymph nodes

42
Q

fibrous connective tissue

elastic fibers

A
  • thinner collagenous fibers that branch and rejoin each other
  • made with elastin which allows for stretch and recoil
43
Q

types of fibrous connective tissue

loose connective tissue

A
  • much gel-like ground substance between cells
  • 2 types:
    1. Areolar
    2. Reticular
44
Q

types of fibrous connective tissue

dense connective tissue

A
  • fibers fill spaces between cells
  • types vary in fiber orientation
  • dense regular connective tissue
  • dense irregular connective tisue
45
Q

areolar tissue

A
  • loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels
  • mostly collagenous fibers, but elastic + reticular also present
  • found in tissue sections in almost every part of the body
  • surronds blood vessels and nerves (framework for those vessels)
  • epithelium rests on a layer of aerolar tissue (areolar provides nutrition to epithelium since epithelium doesnt have blood vessels)
  • locations: between muscles, passageway for blood vessels and nerves
46
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A
  • densely packed, parallel collagen fibers
  • elastic tissue forms wavy sheets in some locations
  • tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together
47
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen, fibers, and few visible cells
With stand unpredictable stresses
Found deeper layer of skin

BIO 307 (11 decks)

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