Chapter 7 Animal Adaptations

Question 1

Adaptive radiation

Answer 1

evolutionary diversification of a species or a single ancestral lineage into various forms that are each adaptively specialized to a specific environment/resource

Question 2

Allometry

Answer 2

study of the relationship of body size to shape, anatomy, physiology and behavior SIZE MATTERS

Question 3

Cope’s Rule

Answer 3

states that evolution tends to increase body size over geological time in a lineage of populations. (populations increase body mass over time)… bigger wins in competition against predators/ more likely to reproduce… also though they require more food and water, so there is a higher extinction rate of bigger animals as compared to smaller ones… BIG BODY TO COPE FOR SMALL PENIS

Question 4

Conformers

Answer 4

• are unable to maintain consistent internal conditions such as body fluid salinity or levels of tissue oxygen. Changes in external environmental conditions induce internal changes in the body that parallel the external conditions. (good 24)
• Just enough must be done to keep the animal functional (though usually at a very low level) in extreme conditions avoiding potentially irreversible damaging effects of freezing or hypoxia or osmotic water loss
• “cheap”… go with flow… can be harder to survive because your not in control!

Question 5

Regulator

Answer 5

as their name implies, utilize a variety of biochemical, physiological, morphological and behavioral mechanisms to regulate their internal environments over a broad range of external environmental conditions. (24)

Question 6

Homeotherm

Answer 6

body temperature remains constant or nearly constant! (30) (warm blooded) (endothermy)

Question 7

Thermoneutral zone

Answer 7

the range of ambient temperatures where the body can maintain its core temperature without changes to the resting metabolic rate…. endotherms do this… when we move outside the range of air/water temperature around the organism, you see changes in metabolic rates

Question 8

Size Constraint on Endotherms

Answer 8

the smaller the organism is, the greater its relative heat loss, then the metabolic rate has to be higher

Question 9

Bergmanns Rule

Answer 9

principle that in endothermic animal species, individuals living in a cold climate tend to be larger than individuals of that same species living in a warm climate… likely due to mass creating warmth

Question 10

Poikilotherm

Answer 10

body temperature varies! (47) (cold blooded) (ectothermy), body temp varies with external ambient temperature

Question 11

Operative environmental temperature

Answer 11

the body temperature that would occur if at different environment that has different ambient temperatures

Question 12

Thermal inertia

Answer 12

degree of slowness with which the temperature of a body approaches that of its surrounding…. dependent on many factors

Question 13

Inertial homeothermy

Answer 13

cold blooded organisms that experience heating and cooling slowly

Question 14

Production efficiency

Answer 14

ectotherms have much more production efficiency!!! This is calculated by how much energy is used/needed to consume

Question 15

Size constraint on Ectotherms

Answer 15

ectotherms absorb heat across its surface, but it most absorb sufficient energy to heat the entire mass! As size gets bigger, the amount of energy/heat taken in to warm up the whole body is more AND it takes much long for the organism to warm up to the optimal time.

Question 16

bigger Endotherms tend to be in what climate? smaller?

Answer 16

COLDER CLIMATE cuz its easier to retain heat…. smaller in warmer climates