Chapter 13 Predation

Question 1

Functional response vs numerical response:

Answer 1

functional – individual predator consumes more prey as prey population increases…. Numerical – increased consumption of prey results in an increase in predator reproduction

Question 2

3 functional response types

Answer 2

type 1, type 2, type 3

Question 3

Type 1

Answer 3

number of prey killed per predator increases linearly with increasing prey density (whale eating small things)

Question 4

Type 2

Answer 4

Type 2: number of prey killed per predator increases in a decelerating fashion eventually leveling off with Increasing prey density (often due to high handling times of catching prey)…as prey pop size increases, time spent searching decreases, PORPORTION OF time spent handling increases

Question 5

Type 3

Answer 5

number of prey taken per predator increases slow at first, than super fast than slow again

Question 6

Prey switching

Answer 6

switching prey to eat the one that is most abundant!… results in type 3 functional response

Question 7

Aggregative response

Answer 7

movement of predators into areas of high prey density

Question 8

Optimal foraging theory calculation of profitability

Answer 8

E/t

Question 9

If: E2 /th2 > E1 /(th1 +ts1 )

Answer 9

eat P2 .

Question 10

E2 /th2 < E1 /(th1 +ts1 )

Answer 10

ignore P2 and continue to search for P1

Question 11

Crypsis

Answer 11

ability of an animal to avoid observation or detection by other animals. It may be an antipredator adaptation (avoiding detection by predator) or a predator strategy (avoid being seen by the prey you are stalking).

Question 12

Aposematism

Answer 12

antipredator adaptations in which a warning signal especially a visual signal of conspicuous markings or bright colors by an animal to warn predators that it is toxic or distasteful. warning coloration

Question 13

Predator satiation

Answer 13

an antipredator adaptation in which prey occur at high population densities, reducing the probability of an individual organism being eaten

Question 14

Batesian mimicry

Answer 14

resemblance of a palatable or harmless species, the mimic, to an unpalatable or dangerous species, the model (FAKE BATE)

Question 15

Mullerian mimicry

Answer 15

many unpalatable or harmful species share a similar color pattern… two equally noxious species evolve to look similar to each other.

Question 16

Red Queen Hypothesis

Answer 16

organisms are constantly adapting to ‘keep up with one another’ in a coevolutionary race between predator and prey species. As the prey species evolves adaptations to avoid predators, predators must evolve adaptations to counter those avoidance mechanisms

Question 17

Plant structural and chemical deterrents to herbivory

Answer 17

structural include thorny plants or super tall plant… chemical is evolving the metabolic processes to produce a tremendous number of secondary compounds that discourage consumptions

Question 18

Secondary compounds (quantitative/qualitative)

Answer 18

qualitative chemical = influence quality of plant material stronger or weaker structures…. Quantitative influence the selection (CARBON BASED OR NITROGEN BASED)

Question 19

Non-lethal impacts of predation

Answer 19

behavior changes which can result in lack of accessibility to resources or overuse of energy

Question 20

Induced phenotypic response

Answer 20

inducing defense responses such as behavioral/physiology/morphology… but this comes at a cost of not having resources sometimes or extra energy being used