Chapter 13 Predation Flashcards
Functional response vs numerical response:
functional – individual predator consumes more prey as prey population increases…. Numerical – increased consumption of prey results in an increase in predator reproduction
3 functional response types
type 1, type 2, type 3
Type 1
number of prey killed per predator increases linearly with increasing prey density (whale eating small things)
Type 2
Type 2: number of prey killed per predator increases in a decelerating fashion eventually leveling off with Increasing prey density (often due to high handling times of catching prey)…as prey pop size increases, time spent searching decreases, PORPORTION OF time spent handling increases
Type 3
number of prey taken per predator increases slow at first, than super fast than slow again
Prey switching
switching prey to eat the one that is most abundant!… results in type 3 functional response
Aggregative response
movement of predators into areas of high prey density
Optimal foraging theory calculation of profitability
E/t
If: E2 /th2 > E1 /(th1 +ts1 )
eat P2 .
E2 /th2 < E1 /(th1 +ts1 )
ignore P2 and continue to search for P1
Crypsis
ability of an animal to avoid observation or detection by other animals. It may be an antipredator adaptation (avoiding detection by predator) or a predator strategy (avoid being seen by the prey you are stalking).
Aposematism
antipredator adaptations in which a warning signal especially a visual signal of conspicuous markings or bright colors by an animal to warn predators that it is toxic or distasteful. warning coloration
Predator satiation
an antipredator adaptation in which prey occur at high population densities, reducing the probability of an individual organism being eaten
Batesian mimicry
resemblance of a palatable or harmless species, the mimic, to an unpalatable or dangerous species, the model (FAKE BATE)
Mullerian mimicry
many unpalatable or harmful species share a similar color pattern… two equally noxious species evolve to look similar to each other.
Red Queen Hypothesis
organisms are constantly adapting to ‘keep up with one another’ in a coevolutionary race between predator and prey species. As the prey species evolves adaptations to avoid predators, predators must evolve adaptations to counter those avoidance mechanisms
Plant structural and chemical deterrents to herbivory
structural include thorny plants or super tall plant… chemical is evolving the metabolic processes to produce a tremendous number of secondary compounds that discourage consumptions
Secondary compounds (quantitative/qualitative)
qualitative chemical = influence quality of plant material stronger or weaker structures…. Quantitative influence the selection (CARBON BASED OR NITROGEN BASED)
Non-lethal impacts of predation
behavior changes which can result in lack of accessibility to resources or overuse of energy
Induced phenotypic response
inducing defense responses such as behavioral/physiology/morphology… but this comes at a cost of not having resources sometimes or extra energy being used
