Chapter 5 Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

Ecology

A

study of the interactions of organisms and their environment

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2
Q

Ecosystem ecology

A

interactions with physical environment that involve feedback mechanisms

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3
Q

Population ecology

A

mechanisms relating to competition within a population

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4
Q

Community ecology

A

Community - mechanisms relation to the interaction between species

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5
Q

Adaptation

A

characteristics that enable an organism to thrive in a given environment (these characteristics are heritable)

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6
Q

Environmental Tolerances

A

environmental conditions beyond which an organism can no longer maintain a positive response (many different rages from survival, growth, reproduction, and optimal)

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7
Q

Gene

A

stretch of DNA coding (eye color)

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8
Q

Allele

A

forms of a gene (brown eyes allele or green eyes allele)

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9
Q

Locus

A

position occupied by a gene on the chromosome is called this

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10
Q

Gene expression

A

process of creating proteins from the genetic code in DNA

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11
Q

Genotype -

A

genetic makeup of an organism (combined genetic material)

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12
Q

Phenotype –

A

the expressed traits of an organism (physical expression of genotype)

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13
Q

Two models of gene expression

A

complete dominance and incomplete dominance

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14
Q

Complete dominance

A

one allele is completely dominant

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15
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

heterozygous individuals are intermediate where each allele has a proportional effect on the phenotype

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16
Q

Homo/heter zygous

A

dependent on alleles at this locus. If the alleles are same vs different at the locus

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17
Q

Norm of reaction –

A

set of phenotypes expressed by a genotype in different environments…

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18
Q

Phenotypic Plasticity -

A

ability of a genotype to express different phenotypical characteristics under different environmental conditions

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19
Q

Acclimation –

A

reversible phenotypical changes in an organism in response to changing environmental conditions

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20
Q

Developmental plasticity –

A

differences in phenotypical traits for a given genotype under different environmental conditions that OCCUR DURING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT THAT ARE IRREVERSIBLE!

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21
Q

Natural Selection –

A

differential success of individuals within the population resulting from their interaction with their environment

22
Q

Conditions for Natural Selection:

A
  1. variation among individuals in relation to some heritable characteristic 2. that variation among individual results in differences in their survival and reproduction
23
Q

Fitness –

A

measured by the proportionate contribution an organism makes to future generations… number of offspring produced that contribute to future generations

24
Q

Three forms of selection

A

stabilizing, directional, disruptive

25
Q

Stabilizing selection –

A

selection (directional, stabilizing, and disruptive)
Stabilizing – the mean phenotype in a population exhibits the highest relative fitness, and this form of selection looks to decrease all non-conformers/outliers

26
Q

Directional selection–

A

distribution of phenotypes is shifted to an extreme… birds with only super huge beaks compared to the population survive for some reason

27
Q

Disruptive selection

A

relative fitness is greatest for the extreme vales of phenotype… ends up with a bimodal distribution (cannot be a middle dude… only an outlier dude)

28
Q

Gene pool

A

sum of genetic information(alleles) across all individuals in the population is referred to as this

29
Q

Ways that genetic variation in gene pool can be quantified:

A

Allele frequency – proportion out of all the alleles present at the local in the population
Genotype frequency – proportion out of all the genotypes present at the local in the population

30
Q

Two levels that genetic variation can occur:

A

within subpopulations and among subpopulations!

31
Q

Genetic differentiation

A

genetic variation that occurs among subpopulations of the same species… looking at genetic variation between different subpopulations

32
Q

Cline

A

measurable gradual change over a geographic region in the average of some phenotypic characteristic

33
Q

Ecotype

A

a population adapted to its unique environmental conditions (marked discontinuities among local populations (there are two ecotypes of mice one for fields and one for beaches remember!!)

34
Q

Ecotype vs Cline

A

cline more describes the change in a specie’s phenotypical characteristics, whereas ecotype describes the population adjusted to its environment

35
Q

Reciprocal transplant and common garden experiments

A

comparing the shape of “naturally occurring populations” of a plant TO the shape of a plant in a “common garden”.
if the plant has the same shape as before then this implies genetic differentiation
if the plant starts to look different then this implies phenotypical plasticity

36
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

the evolutionary diversification of a species or single ancestral lineage into various forms that are each specialized to a specific environment/resource

37
Q

Codominance

A

when both alleles are expressed when usually there is no one dominant allele

38
Q

evolution

A

changes in properties of populations of organisms over the course of generations

39
Q

Target of selection

A

phenotypic trait that select acts directly upon (beak sizes leading to natural selection makes beak sizes the target of selection)

40
Q

Selective agent

A

environmental cause of fitness differences among organisms (in the birds example, the change in available food resources would be the selective agent)

41
Q

Genetic drift

A

the random chance of how only some genes are passed along to future generations

42
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

no evolutionary change occurs through the process of sexual reproduction alone! Must accompany with natural selection or some sort of selective mating form!

43
Q

Qualitative vs Quantitative Traits

A

Qualitative- discrete categories (red or blue)

Quantitative - continuous distribution (height or weight)… most things are quantitative

44
Q

What does the idea that “beetles become darker in development which helps them absorb more warmth when adults to accommodate for coldness”

A

Developmental plasticity that aids in the survival of the organism!

45
Q

Only process that leads to adaption

A

Natural selection

46
Q

Mutations

A

Heritable changes in a gene or chromosome… whether or not there mutations are beneficial depends on the environment!

47
Q

Migration vs gene flow

A

Migration- movement of individuals between local populations

Gene flow- movement of genes between populations

You can have migration without gene flow if it doesn’t reproduce!

48
Q

Other than natural selection, what are some ways that genetic variation can be altered in populations?

A

Mutations and genetic drift

49
Q

Merging of ecotypes is called

A

Zone of hybridization

50
Q

Geography/boundaries influence ecotypes a lot! (t/f)

A

True!

51
Q

Read page 84/85!!

A

Yes read those!

You have pics!