Chapter 5 Adaptations

Question 1

Ecology

Answer 1

study of the interactions of organisms and their environment

Question 2

Ecosystem ecology

Answer 2

interactions with physical environment that involve feedback mechanisms

Question 3

Population ecology

Answer 3

mechanisms relating to competition within a population

Question 4

Community ecology

Answer 4

Community - mechanisms relation to the interaction between species

Question 5

Adaptation

Answer 5

characteristics that enable an organism to thrive in a given environment (these characteristics are heritable)

Question 6

Environmental Tolerances

Answer 6

environmental conditions beyond which an organism can no longer maintain a positive response (many different rages from survival, growth, reproduction, and optimal)

Question 7

Gene

Answer 7

stretch of DNA coding (eye color)

Question 8

Allele

Answer 8

forms of a gene (brown eyes allele or green eyes allele)

Question 9

Locus

Answer 9

position occupied by a gene on the chromosome is called this

Question 10

Gene expression

Answer 10

process of creating proteins from the genetic code in DNA

Question 11

Genotype -

Answer 11

genetic makeup of an organism (combined genetic material)

Question 12

Phenotype –

Answer 12

the expressed traits of an organism (physical expression of genotype)

Question 13

Two models of gene expression

Answer 13

complete dominance and incomplete dominance

Question 14

Complete dominance

Answer 14

one allele is completely dominant

Question 15

Incomplete dominance

Answer 15

heterozygous individuals are intermediate where each allele has a proportional effect on the phenotype

Question 16

Homo/heter zygous

Answer 16

dependent on alleles at this locus. If the alleles are same vs different at the locus

Question 17

Norm of reaction –

Answer 17

set of phenotypes expressed by a genotype in different environments…

Question 18

Phenotypic Plasticity -

Answer 18

ability of a genotype to express different phenotypical characteristics under different environmental conditions

Question 19

Acclimation –

Answer 19

reversible phenotypical changes in an organism in response to changing environmental conditions

Question 20

Developmental plasticity –

Answer 20

differences in phenotypical traits for a given genotype under different environmental conditions that OCCUR DURING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT THAT ARE IRREVERSIBLE!

Question 21

Natural Selection –

Answer 21

differential success of individuals within the population resulting from their interaction with their environment

Question 22

Conditions for Natural Selection:

Answer 22

1. variation among individuals in relation to some heritable characteristic 2. that variation among individual results in differences in their survival and reproduction

Question 23

Fitness –

Answer 23

measured by the proportionate contribution an organism makes to future generations… number of offspring produced that contribute to future generations

Question 24

Three forms of selection

Answer 24

stabilizing, directional, disruptive

Question 25

Stabilizing selection –

Answer 25

selection (directional, stabilizing, and disruptive) Stabilizing – the mean phenotype in a population exhibits the highest relative fitness, and this form of selection looks to decrease all non-conformers/outliers

Question 26

Directional selection–

Answer 26

distribution of phenotypes is shifted to an extreme… birds with only super huge beaks compared to the population survive for some reason

Question 27

Disruptive selection

Answer 27

relative fitness is greatest for the extreme vales of phenotype… ends up with a bimodal distribution (cannot be a middle dude… only an outlier dude)

Question 28

Gene pool

Answer 28

sum of genetic information(alleles) across all individuals in the population is referred to as this

Question 29

Ways that genetic variation in gene pool can be quantified:

Answer 29

Allele frequency – proportion out of all the alleles present at the local in the population Genotype frequency – proportion out of all the genotypes present at the local in the population

Question 30

Two levels that genetic variation can occur:

Answer 30

within subpopulations and among subpopulations!

Question 31

Genetic differentiation

Answer 31

genetic variation that occurs among subpopulations of the same species… looking at genetic variation between different subpopulations

Question 32

Cline

Answer 32

measurable gradual change over a geographic region in the average of some phenotypic characteristic

Question 33

Ecotype

Answer 33

a population adapted to its unique environmental conditions (marked discontinuities among local populations (there are two ecotypes of mice one for fields and one for beaches remember!!)

Question 34

Ecotype vs Cline

Answer 34

cline more describes the change in a specie’s phenotypical characteristics, whereas ecotype describes the population adjusted to its environment

Question 35

Reciprocal transplant and common garden experiments

Answer 35

comparing the shape of “naturally occurring populations” of a plant TO the shape of a plant in a “common garden”. if the plant has the same shape as before then this implies genetic differentiation if the plant starts to look different then this implies phenotypical plasticity

Question 36

Adaptive radiation

Answer 36

the evolutionary diversification of a species or single ancestral lineage into various forms that are each specialized to a specific environment/resource

Question 37

Codominance

Answer 37

when both alleles are expressed when usually there is no one dominant allele

Question 38

evolution

Answer 38

changes in properties of populations of organisms over the course of generations

Question 39

Target of selection

Answer 39

phenotypic trait that select acts directly upon (beak sizes leading to natural selection makes beak sizes the target of selection)

Question 40

Selective agent

Answer 40

environmental cause of fitness differences among organisms (in the birds example, the change in available food resources would be the selective agent)

Question 41

Genetic drift

Answer 41

the random chance of how only some genes are passed along to future generations

Question 42

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Answer 42

no evolutionary change occurs through the process of sexual reproduction alone! Must accompany with natural selection or some sort of selective mating form!

Question 43

Qualitative vs Quantitative Traits

Answer 43

Qualitative- discrete categories (red or blue) Quantitative - continuous distribution (height or weight)... most things are quantitative

Question 44

What does the idea that "beetles become darker in development which helps them absorb more warmth when adults to accommodate for coldness"

Answer 44

Developmental plasticity that aids in the survival of the organism!

Question 45

Only process that leads to adaption

Answer 45

Natural selection

Question 46

Mutations

Answer 46

Heritable changes in a gene or chromosome... whether or not there mutations are beneficial depends on the environment!

Question 47

Migration vs gene flow

Answer 47

Migration- movement of individuals between local populations Gene flow- movement of genes between populations You can have migration without gene flow if it doesn't reproduce!

Question 48

Other than natural selection, what are some ways that genetic variation can be altered in populations?

Answer 48

Mutations and genetic drift

Question 49

Merging of ecotypes is called

Answer 49

Zone of hybridization

Question 50

Geography/boundaries influence ecotypes a lot! (t/f)

Answer 50

True!

Question 51

Read page 84/85!!

Answer 51

Yes read those! | You have pics!