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PE > Chapter 7: Acute Responses to Exercise > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Acute Responses to Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

Acute responses to Exercise

A

short term physiological change to help meet the demands of exercise

- When exercise increases, there is an increase demand of the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems 
    - The level of response is dependent on the intensity and type of exercise being undertaken
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2
Q

Respiratory Responses

A

Increased Ventilation

Increased Respiratory Rate

Increased Tidal Volume

Increased Pulmonary Diffusion

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3
Q

Increased Pulmonary Diffusion

A

increasing the transfer of oxygen from the alveoli to the capillaries

    - The molecules move down the concentration gradient(high to low)

Functions of pulmonary diffusion:

- To provide the blood with oxygen from the lungs via the alveoli
    - To remove carbon dioxide from the blood to be exhaled
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4
Q

Increased Ventilation

A

increasing the volume of air breathed in per minute

- V = TV x RR

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5
Q

Increased Respiratory Rate

A

increasing the number of breaths per minute

         - Linearly increases alongside exercise intensity
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6
Q

Increased Tidal Volume

A

increasing the Volume of air breathed in per breath

- Measured in Litres
- Plateaus at sub-max intensity
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7
Q

Cardiovascular Responses

A
  • Increased Heart rate
  • Increased Stroke Volume
  • Increased Cardiac Output
  • Increased Blood Flow to Working Muscles, the heart and the skin
  • Decreased Blood Flow to digestive tract
  • Increased AVO2 Difference
  • Decreased Blood Plasma Volume
  • Increased Systolic Blood Pressure(doesnt benefit)
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8
Q

Increased Heart Rate

A

increasing the number of beats per minute

- Increases linearly with exercise intensity

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9
Q

Increased Stroke Volume

A

increasing the volume of blood pumped per heart beat

- Increases with exercise intensity until it reaches 60% of VO2 max where it plateaus

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10
Q

Increased Cardiac Output

A

increasing the Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

- Q = SR x HR
- Measured in Litres/minute
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11
Q

Increased Systolic Blood Pressure

A

blood pressure on artery walls when the heart contracts
- Increased Q causes an increase in blood pressure

  • Exercise involving full body movements results in an increased systolic pressure while the diastolic remains relatively constant
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12
Q

Mechanisms to redistribute blood flow

A
  • Vasodilation: the widening of arterioles which allows more blood to flow through

Vasoconstriction: the tightening of arterioles which allow less blood to flow through

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13
Q

Blood Flow During Exercise

A
  • Vasoconstriction occurs in the arterioles supplying the kidneys, digestive system and inactive muscles
  • Vasodilation occurs in the arterioles supplying the working muscles and the heart to increase oxygen supply
  • Also occurs in the arterioles supplying the skin to help remove heat(thermoregulation)
  • Blood flow to the brain is maintained
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14
Q

Increased AVO2 Difference

A

increasing the difference in oxygen concentration in the arterioles compared with the venules

  • Measures how much O2 diffuses from the capillaries into the muscle
  • At rest it can be as little as 25% of O2 diffuses
  • At high intensity exercise, it can be as much as 75% of O2 diffuses
  • E.g. at rest there could be 20mg in the arteries and 15mg in the veins meaning the AVO2 Difference is 5mg
  • During exercise, it could be 20mg in the arteries and 5mg in the veins meaning the AVO2 difference is 15mg
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15
Q

Venous Return

A

the blood returning to the heart and lungs from the body

   - Increases during exercise through a mechanism called a 'muscle pump"
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16
Q

Mechanisms to increase Venous return

A

Venous return via a muscle pump:
- As the muscles contract, they squeeze blood vessels and push the blood back towards the heart and lungs

  • Due to the addition of one way valves inside veins, blood can only travel one direction

Venous return via a respiratory pump:
- When intercostal muscles contract and relax during the inspiration and expiration process, they compress the nearby veins and assist blood return to the heart.

Venous return via veinoconstriction:
- Constriction of the smooth muscles around the veins which unconsciously force blood flow after exercise

17
Q

Decreasing Blood Volume

A

the decreasing amount of fluid circulating within the circulatory system

  • During exercise, blood volume decreases due to plasma decreasing becoming more viscous(thick)
  • Plasma decreases when blood flows to the skin to remove heat through the evaporation of sweat

Components of Blood:

  • Plasma(water, nutrients and blood proteins) = 55%
  • White blood cells and platelets = <1%
  • Red blood cells = 45%
18
Q

Factors determining the volume of blood loss

A
  • Exercise intensity
  • Environmental factors - e.g. temperature
  • Level of hydration
19
Q

Muscular Responses

A
  • Increased Motor unit recruitment
  • increased muscle temperatures
  • Increased Oxygen uptake(VO2)
  • Increased muscular enzymatic activity
  • decreased energy stores
  • increased accumulation of Metabolic by products
20
Q

Increased Motor Unit recruitment

A

increasing the amount of both the motor neuron and the muscle fibres they control/are attached to

  • ST fibres are activated during all contractions and then depending on exercise intensity, duration and fatigue FTA and FTB may be recruited.

Motor Unit Recruitment Order:
- Smaller slow Twitch Fibres(ST)
- Fast Oxidative glycolytic fibres(FTA)
Larger fast glycolytic fibres(FTB)

21
Q

Increased Muscle Temperature

A

As exercise commences, there is an increase in the rate of metabolism to produce ATP aerobically, causing an increase in muscle temperature

  • Heat is a by product in the electron transport Chain(aerobic ES)
22
Q

Changes to accommodate increased muscle Temperatures:

A
  • Stimulating the sweat glands in the skin to produce sweat leading to a decrease in blood flow
  • Increased blood flow to the skin allows the blood to be cooled off by the external environment
23
Q

Increased Oxygen Uptake

A

increasing the volume of the oxygen used by muscles which will increases as exercise intensity increases
- Will continue until the VO2 max is reached(when anaerobic energy system must contribute to provide the remaining energy)

24
Q

Ways to Increase VO2 Max

A
  • Increase Cardiac Output(Q)
  • Increase A-V O2 difference
  • Increased Tidal Volume
  • Increased respiratory Rate
  • Increased Ventilation
  • Increased stroke volume
  • Increased Heart Rate
  • Increased pulmonary diffusion
25
Q

Enzymes used during Exercise

A
  • ATPase: an enzyme which assists in the breakdown of ATP to release energy for muscular contractions
  • Glycolytic enzymes: assist in the breakdown of glucose to release energy for ATP replenishment.
  • Oxidative Enzymes: help break down glycogen and fats more effectively in the presence of O2
26
Q

Decrease in Energy Fuels

A

all available fuel sources within the muscle decrease as exercise is undertaken

  • The duration and intensity of exercise will determine which fuels and fibre types are preferentially used and therefore the impact on the degree of fuel use

Fuels:

  • ATP
  • Glycogen
  • PC
  • Fats
27
Q

Increased Accumulation of Metabolic By Products

A
  • Occurs in high intensity exercises occurring between 5 and 75 seconds long(using the anaerobic ES)
  • As exercise begins, lactate and H+’s begin to build up due to the production of ATP anaerobically.
  • At sub-max intensity, there is an increase in lactate and H+ until the steady state is achieved at which lactate and H+ are being removed at the same rate as they are being produced
  • As soon as the exercise proceeds past the lactate inflection point, where the lactate and H+ production is above the rate from which it can be removed, a steady state can no longer be reached and the athlete will need to decrease their intensity
28
Q

Lactate Inflection Point

A

the final point of lactate steady state where H+ and lactate are being produced faster than they can be removed
- Usually triggered at 85% of max HR

PE (17 decks)

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