Chapter 2: Improving Skills Flashcards
Qualitative Movement Analysis Principles(QMAP)
analysis of the quality of human movement through the use of qualitative data with the purpose of improving human movement
- Used by coaches, physical therapists, trainers, fitness instructors
- Preparation
- Observation
- Evaluation
- Error Correction
Preparation stage (QMAP)
purpose of analysis
- What is the purpose of analysis
- Understand the critical features of the skill observed
- Determine the details of the observation strategy(will cameras be used?)
Observation Stage (QMAP)
the performer undertaking the task is observed / recorded
Evaluation (QMAP)
a judgment on the quality of performance
- What are the positives aspects of the performers technique
- Are there errors in the performers technique
- if there are errors what’s causing them
- Performances can either be judged subjectively (based on perception, observations) or objectively(based on measures such as scores or times)
Error Correction (QMAP)
the intervention made by the coach based on their evaluation of the data observed
- Needs to be carefully planned, accurate, practical and relevant to the performers age
Error correction can be achieved via:
- Verbal feedback
- Modified practice(closed environment)
- Exaggeration(coaches ask performers to exaggerate the aspects of skills they need to learn)
- Visual Model(video footage)
- Manual Guidance(coach can physically move body parts so they can experience the action)
- Mechanical guidance(a mechanical aid used to help the performer maintain correct body position)
Direct Based Approach
a regimented, instructor driven approach where the emphasis is on initially teaching simple skills in a relatively predictable environment
Advantages of Direct Based Approach
- Keeps the learner on task
- Effective at enhancing skill development in the early stages
Limitations of Direct Based Approach
- Limits the learners ability to search for their own ‘solutions’ to ‘problems’ in game, adapt to variations or think independently
- Skills developed in isolation may lack the adaptability to be effective in game
- May lack decision making in games due to a lack of tactical awareness
Constraints Based Approach
using boundaries or placing restrictions on the learner in order to shape the athletes moving patterns and decision making process.
Advantages of Constraints Based Approach
- Through the process of finding solutions, the learner discovers and develops effective motor skills
- The learner develops a sense of when and how to perform certain skills within a game situation
- Practice is more varied making it more enjoyable
- Encourages independent learning
Types of Constraints
- Task
- Individual
- Environment (Physical/sociocultural)
Task Constraints
- Rules of the sport
- Equipment availability
- Field/pitch/court dimensions
- Player numbers
- Instructions on how to complete a task
Individual Constraints
- Body Size(height, weight and limb lengths)
- Fitness levels(agility, speed, power, aerobic capacity)
- Mental Skills(attention control, concentration, confidence, arousal control)
- Perceptual and decision making skills(recognizing patterns of play anticipation)
Environment (Physical)
- Locality in which player was raised
- Noise level in gymnasium or sports field
- Auditory feedback
- Gravity
- Weather conditions
Environment (Sociocultural)
- Cultural norms
- Family support networks
- Peer groups
- Societal expectations(AFL popular in Australia)
- The culture of sports clubs and access to quality coaching
Stages of Learning
- Cognitive(beginner) stage
- Associative(practice) stage
- Autonomous(expert) stage
Cognitive Stage
understanding and developing the basic movement pattern
- Not in this stage for long
Learner Experiences:
- Trying to understand the skill - Inconsistent performances - Trial and error learning - Poor error detection - Large performance improvements
Associative Stage
refining the movement pattern and associating environmental cues
- In this stage for the longest
Learners Experience:
- Improved error correction
- Refined movement pattern
- More consistent performance
- Associating environmental cues to performance
Autonomous Stage
almost automatic performance of the movement pattern
Learners Experience:
- High levels of skill performance
- Few errors, consistent performance
- Well developed error detection and correction
- Automatic performance
- Attention on high order processes
- Small performance improvements(might need
specific coaching for specific areas)
- Adjustment in skill performances.
Sociocultural Influences
the combination of social and cultural factors that impact on an individuals opportunities to participate in particular sports or recreational activities and develop the relevant movement sills
E.g.
- Family
- Peers
- Gender
- Cultural norms and traditions
- Community
- Socioeconomic Status
Family (sociocultural Influences)
- At the cognitive stage generally people are younger and need parents to drive kids to practice
- For a player at the autonomous stage, family transitions to becoming more of an encouragement and motivation
Peers (sociocultural Influences)
- Influence whether children participate and the types of skills they develop
- Peers have a tendency towards sedentary behavior can present a barrier to physical activity and skill development
Gender (Sociocultural Influences)
- Social Stigma of girls and boys being socialized into different sports(girls play netball, boys play footy)
- Historically females have experience inequality in regards to wages
Cultural Norms and Traditions (Sociocultural Influences)
- Prevalence of sport within a culture
- Cultural religious beliefs can be a barrier
low Socioeconomic Status (Sociocultural Influences)
- People in lower socioeconomic status generally have a lower level of education and then therefore less likely to realise the benefits of physical activity
- Less likely to have safe facilities when living in a lower socioeconomic area
- Less likely to be able to afford sports training and facilities if in a low socioeconomic status
Community (Sociocultural Influences)
- Local community can facilitate sporting development via the prevalence of:
- sporting role models
- conducive climate conditions
- ease of access
- safe training facilities
