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psychology 104 > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

A

mental processes involved in acquiring storing retrieving and using info

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2
Q

imagery

A

represent picture a sensory experience in ones mind

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3
Q

concepts

A

label representing class or group of objects people or events sharing common characteristics or attributes

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4
Q

concept formation

A 
from formal definition of concept 
memorizing concepts common features 
experiences with (+) and (-) instances of concept 
through use of prototypes 
through use of examples
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5
Q

prototype

A

example that embodies most common features of particular concept

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6
Q

examplar

A

individual instances of concept stored in memory from experience

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7
Q

systematic decision making

A

examining all possible alternating choosing more beneficial

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8
Q

elimination by aspects

A

eliminate by aspects that do not match each factor

choose remaining alternative

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9
Q

available heuristics

A

based on new situation resembling a familiar one

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10
Q

representative heuristics

A

based on new situation resembling familiar one

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11
Q

recognition heuristics

A

decisions terminate as soon as factor moving to decision recognized

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12
Q

framing

A

information emphasizes potential gain or loss

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13
Q

Intuition

A

gut feelings or instincts

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14
Q

anchoring

A

focusing on single factor magnifies importance of factor relevant to factors

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15
Q

trial + error

A

try one solution after another

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16
Q

analogy heuristic

A 
comparing problem to others from past 
working backwards (backwards search) start with problem solution and backward through problem
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17
Q

means end analysis

A

current position is compared with desired goal; close gap between 2 positions

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18
Q

algorithm

A

systematic step by step procedure guarantees solution to problem of certain type if executed properly

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19
Q

functional fixedness

A

failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems

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20
Q

mental set

A

mental rut in solving problems

continual using same old method even if another approach is better

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21
Q

creativity

A

produce original appropriate valuable ideas solutions to problem

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22
Q

divergent thinking

A

produce multiple ideas answers
solutions to problem
novel ideas involving combinations and synthesis

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23
Q

Language

A

thoughts feelings via system of social shared orbituary symbols of language translated into meaning

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24
Q

psycholinguistics

A

how language acquired produced, used

how sound and symbols of language translated into meaning

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25
Q

phonememes

A

smallest unit of sound

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26
Q

Morphememes

A

smallest unit of meaning

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27
Q

syntax

A

rules for arranging and combination words to form phrases and sentences

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28
Q

semantics

A

meaning derived from morphemes

29
Q

words sentences

A

surface structure= literal words written spoken signed

30
Q

deep structure

A

underlying meaning of sentence

31
Q

pregmatics

A

characteristics of spoken language

32
Q

cooing

A

begins around 2-3 months

vowel sounds like “ah and “ooh”

33
Q

babbling

A

around 6 months

phonemems such as “ma-ma-ma” and “ba-ba-ba”

34
Q

Holophrases

A

one word sentence

35
Q

overextension

A

apply toward to broaden range of subjects than appropriate

36
Q

underextension

A

foul to apply word to other member of class

37
Q

2 word stage + telographic speech

A

18-20 months

vocab about 50 words

38
Q

telographic speech

A

short sentences follow rigid word order

39
Q

overregularization

A

innapropriate applying grammaticle rules for forms plurals and past tenses to irregular

40
Q

learning theory

A

B.F Skinner

language shaped via rewards

41
Q

Navist position

A

Noam Chomsky
language acquisition device (LAD)
Innate fixed order of learning universal

42
Q

Interactionist perspective

A

importance of learning and inborn capacities for acquiring language
learn concrete language expressions they imitate
child directed speech

43
Q

bilingual

A

fluent in 2 languages

44
Q

multilingual

A

fluent in many languages

45
Q

subtractive bilingualism

A

one language detracts from acquisition of other

46
Q

Animal language

A

teaching chimpanzees to speak since 1933
ASL used to teach Washoe the chimp
chimp sarah learned david Premacks artificial language via operant conditioning

47
Q

Linguistic relativity hypothesis benjamin whart

A

stated spoken language determines thoughts
elenor roschs showed no significant differences between language and thought
language and thought mutually support

48
Q

Charles Spearman

A

observed people bright in one area are usually bright in other areas also

49
Q

Louis Thurnstone

A

seven primary mental abilities
all intellectual activities involved one or more primary mental abilities
single IQ scores obscured more than it is revealed

50
Q

JP Guilford

A

structure of intellect
3 dimensions mental operations, contents, products
memory recording and memory retention

51
Q

Gardners 8 multiple intelligences

A

Linguistic
logical/mathematical
spatial
bodily kinesthetic

52
Q

componential intelligence

A

mental abilities closely related to sucess on conventional IQ and achievement tests

53
Q

Experimental intelligence

A

encompasses creativity

encompasses insight

54
Q

cartextial intelligence

A

street smart
adapt well to environment
change environment to improve success find new environment

55
Q

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

A

Binet: children with mental age of 2 years below chronological age were disabled
Stern: IQ divide mental age by chronological age
Termon: and multiply by 100

56
Q

Intelligence testing

A

Norms: standards based on scores of many
Stanford: Binet Intelligence test= individually administered IQ test ages 2 to 23
Deviator score compare individuals score with those of same age or whom test norm were formed

57
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)

A

yields seperate verbal and performance IQ scores

overall IQ score

58
Q

reliability

A

same score each time test is taken

59
Q

validity

A

test measures what it should

60
Q

standardization

A

establishing norms by which all scores are interpreted

61
Q

Termans study of gifted people

A

longitudinal study
ended myth that mentally superior people physically inferior
his people had better mental health more likely to be

62
Q

Intellectual disability

A

approximately 2-3 % of canadians
deficits in intellectual and adaptive functions
mainstreaming = educating students in regular schools and classrooms

63
Q

behavioural genetics

A

relative effects of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) on behaviour and ability

64
Q

Twin Study Method

A

study resemblance of identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins

65
Q

Heritability

A

degree characteristics is influenced by heredity

66
Q

Adoption study method

A

study identical twins seperated at birth and raised apart
when seperated the twins have similar traits heredity is major
when seperated twins differ in traits environment is major

67
Q

emotional intelligence (EI)

A

ability to apply knowledge about emotions to everyday life
unrelated to IQ score
correlated with both academic and social success

68
Q

personal components of EI

A

foundation of EI= self knowledge awareness of emotions
ability to manage emotions
self motivation

69
Q

Interpersonal components of EI

A

empathy and ability to handle relationships
capacity to manage relationships
optimism and belief that trying harder after failure will lead to future success

psychology 104 (6 decks)

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