chapter 5 Flashcards
classical conditioning
simplest form of learning
any event or object in environment to which an organism responds
ex. sound, light, touch
Ivon Pavlov
Russian institute 1891 to 1936
studied conditional reflex in clogs
involuntary response (salivation) association with sights , sounds of feeding
unconditioned reflex
involuntary response to stimulus
eye blink to air
neural stimulus
no response when presented to unconditioned response
automatic unlearned response made to conditioned stimulus, produced unlearned response
conditional response
learned response made to conditioned stimulus
extinction
weakening of learned response
eventual disappearance of learned response
CS repeatedly presented with at CS
Spontaneous recovery
something occurs after extinction
conditioned response reappear
occurs when conditioned stimulus
generalization
classical conditioning : conditional response to stimulus similar to that of
Discrimination
conditioned response
occurs to originally conditioned stimulus
learned ability to distinguish
Watson + Little Albert
1919 fear can be classically conditioned
conditioned baby albert to fear white rat
little albert learned to fear other white and furry things
Mary Cover Jones+ Peter
watson partner
removed fear from little albert
Contemporary views
cognitive perspective Biological predisposition fear response drug use advertising sexual arousal
cognitive perspective
Does CS enable prediction of US
Biological predisposition
humans fear stimuli that can harm
survival response : taste aversion
degree to which genes prepare animals + humans to acquire or resist classically conditioned response
fear responses
fears and phobias largely result from classical conditioning
drug use
environmental cues associated with drug use can become CS
can produce CR of drug craving
need higher
drug use
environmental cues associated with drug use can become CS
can produce CR of drug craving
need higher dosages for effects cause build tolerance
cues initiating protective mechanisms not present when same doses are taken in unfamiliar places (leads to overdosing
Advertising
pair products with people and thing we like leads us to classical conditioning
Sexual Arousal
environmental cues (places, smells, clothing)
can become associated with experience
can have role in experiences
Shaping
reinforcement any movement towards desired response
skinner box ; cumulate recorder
shaping = rewarding successive approximative toward desired response
B.F skinner
box
everytime rats hit bar they got a treat
Superstitions behaviour
individual believes connection exists between act and consequences
no relationship between act and consequence
gambling,
Generalization
response made to reinforcer similar to one conditioning original response
Discrimination
learning to distinguish between stimulus reinforced and other similar stimuli
pigeon rewarded for pecking only yellow disk (discriminate stimulus)
reinforcement positive
pleasant or desireable
reinforcement consequences
increases probability of response to occur again if applied after response
reinforcement negative
behaviour likely to occur again because followed by ending aversive condition
Primary reinforces
fulfill physical need for survival
do not depend on learning
food water sleep sex
secondary reinforces
acquired or learned by association with other reinforcers money praise grades awards
continuous reinforcement
reinforce every correct response
most effective way to condition new responses
partial reinforcement
portion of correct responses are reinforced
schedules of reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule
reinforcement given after fixed number of correct responses
variable ratio schedule
reinforcement after varying number of correct responses
Fixed interval schedule
reinforcement given after specific time interval passed
Variable interval schedule
reinforcement after varying amounts of time
Factors in operant conditioning
magnitude of reinforcement
immediacy of reinforcement
level of motivation of learner
Punishment
removal of pleasant stimulus application of unpleasant stimulus both tied to suppress a response most effective during misbehaviour or asap after should not be done in anger apply consistency minimum necessary to suppress behaviour
Escape learning
behaviour terminates aversive event
avoidance learning
avoid events or conditions associated with dreaded or aversive outcomes
drinking and driving associated with car accidents and death
Learned helplessness
passive resignation to aversive conditioning
repeated exposure to aversive inescapable unavoidable events
learner does not try to change escape avoid aversive condition
learn to stand helplessly and suffer punishment
comparing classical and operant conditioning
generalization
discrimination
extinction
spontaneous recovery
behaviour modification
changing behaviour through systematic program based on principles of learning
Token economy
motivates socially desirable behaviour by reinforcing with tokens
tokens can be exchanged for desired items by priviledges
Observation learning
cognitive processes mental processes thinking knowing
learning by observation and imitation behaviour
model/ modeling
person who demonstrates behaviour or whose behaviour is imitated
observational learning
bobo doll
