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chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

classical conditioning

A

simplest form of learning
any event or object in environment to which an organism responds
ex. sound, light, touch

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2
Q

Ivon Pavlov

A

Russian institute 1891 to 1936
studied conditional reflex in clogs
involuntary response (salivation) association with sights , sounds of feeding

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3
Q

unconditioned reflex

A

involuntary response to stimulus

eye blink to air

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4
Q

neural stimulus

A

no response when presented to unconditioned response

automatic unlearned response made to conditioned stimulus, produced unlearned response

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5
Q

conditional response

A

learned response made to conditioned stimulus

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6
Q

extinction

A

weakening of learned response
eventual disappearance of learned response
CS repeatedly presented with at CS

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7
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

something occurs after extinction
conditioned response reappear
occurs when conditioned stimulus

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8
Q

generalization

A

classical conditioning : conditional response to stimulus similar to that of

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9
Q

Discrimination

A

conditioned response
occurs to originally conditioned stimulus
learned ability to distinguish

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10
Q

Watson + Little Albert

A

1919 fear can be classically conditioned
conditioned baby albert to fear white rat
little albert learned to fear other white and furry things

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11
Q

Mary Cover Jones+ Peter

A

watson partner

removed fear from little albert

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12
Q

Contemporary views

A 
cognitive perspective 
Biological predisposition
fear response
drug use
advertising
sexual arousal
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13
Q

cognitive perspective

A

Does CS enable prediction of US

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14
Q

Biological predisposition

A

humans fear stimuli that can harm
survival response : taste aversion
degree to which genes prepare animals + humans to acquire or resist classically conditioned response

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15
Q

fear responses

A

fears and phobias largely result from classical conditioning

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16
Q

drug use

A

environmental cues associated with drug use can become CS
can produce CR of drug craving
need higher

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17
Q

drug use

A

environmental cues associated with drug use can become CS
can produce CR of drug craving
need higher dosages for effects cause build tolerance
cues initiating protective mechanisms not present when same doses are taken in unfamiliar places (leads to overdosing

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18
Q

Advertising

A

pair products with people and thing we like leads us to classical conditioning

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19
Q

Sexual Arousal

A

environmental cues (places, smells, clothing)
can become associated with experience
can have role in experiences

20
Q

Shaping

A

reinforcement any movement towards desired response
skinner box ; cumulate recorder
shaping = rewarding successive approximative toward desired response

21
Q

B.F skinner

A

box

everytime rats hit bar they got a treat

22
Q

Superstitions behaviour

A

individual believes connection exists between act and consequences
no relationship between act and consequence
gambling,

23
Q

Generalization

A

response made to reinforcer similar to one conditioning original response

24
Q

Discrimination

A

learning to distinguish between stimulus reinforced and other similar stimuli
pigeon rewarded for pecking only yellow disk (discriminate stimulus)

25
Q

reinforcement positive

A

pleasant or desireable

26
Q

reinforcement consequences

A

increases probability of response to occur again if applied after response

27
Q

reinforcement negative

A

behaviour likely to occur again because followed by ending aversive condition

28
Q

Primary reinforces

A

fulfill physical need for survival
do not depend on learning
food water sleep sex

29
Q

secondary reinforces

A

acquired or learned by association with other reinforcers money praise grades awards

30
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforce every correct response

most effective way to condition new responses

31
Q

partial reinforcement

A

portion of correct responses are reinforced

schedules of reinforcement

32
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

reinforcement given after fixed number of correct responses

33
Q

variable ratio schedule

A

reinforcement after varying number of correct responses

34
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

reinforcement given after specific time interval passed

35
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

reinforcement after varying amounts of time

36
Q

Factors in operant conditioning

A

magnitude of reinforcement
immediacy of reinforcement
level of motivation of learner

37
Q

Punishment

A 
removal of pleasant stimulus 
application of unpleasant stimulus
both tied to suppress a response
most effective during misbehaviour or asap after
should not be done in anger 
apply consistency
minimum necessary to suppress behaviour
38
Q

Escape learning

A

behaviour terminates aversive event

39
Q

avoidance learning

A

avoid events or conditions associated with dreaded or aversive outcomes
drinking and driving associated with car accidents and death

40
Q

Learned helplessness

A

passive resignation to aversive conditioning
repeated exposure to aversive inescapable unavoidable events
learner does not try to change escape avoid aversive condition
learn to stand helplessly and suffer punishment

41
Q

comparing classical and operant conditioning

A

generalization
discrimination
extinction
spontaneous recovery

42
Q

behaviour modification

A

changing behaviour through systematic program based on principles of learning

43
Q

Token economy

A

motivates socially desirable behaviour by reinforcing with tokens
tokens can be exchanged for desired items by priviledges

44
Q

Observation learning

A

cognitive processes mental processes thinking knowing

learning by observation and imitation behaviour

45
Q

model/ modeling

A

person who demonstrates behaviour or whose behaviour is imitated

46
Q

observational learning

A

bobo doll

psychology 104 (6 decks)

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