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psychology 104 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

senses detect visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli

transmits stimuli to brain

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2
Q

perception

A

sensory information is actively organized and interpreted by brain

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3
Q

absolute threshold

A

difference between not being able to perceive it and being able to perceive it
minimum amount of sensory stimulation detected 50% of the time
hearing music means the threshold has been crossed

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4
Q

difference threshold

A

measure of smallest increase/decrease in physical stimulus required to produce JND
JND (just noticeable difference) smallest change in sensation detected 50% of the time

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5
Q

Weber’s law

A

Ernst Weber came up with this 150 years ago
States JND depends on percentage change in stimulus
Greater original stimulus more increase needed for JND

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6
Q

Signal detection theory

A

noticing stimulus against background noise and deciding if stimulus is really there

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7
Q

sensory receptors

A

detect, respond to one type of stimuli

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8
Q

Transduction

A

sensory receptors change sensory stimulation into neural impulses

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9
Q

Sensory adaption

A

become less sensitive to unchanging sensory stimulus over time

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10
Q

photons

A

tiny light particles that travel in waves
majority of these waves too long/short for animals/humans to see
our eyes respond to visible spectrum

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11
Q

Cornea

A

tough, transparent, protective layer covering front of eye, bends light rays inwards through pupil.

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12
Q

pupil

A

small dark opening in middle of eye

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13
Q

Iris

A

coloured part of eye

muscles dilate and contract pupil through reflex

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14
Q

Lens

A

lots of thin layers and it is clear disc
flattens while focusing on distant objects
bulges in centre while focusing on close objects

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15
Q

accommodation

A

flattening and bulging motion

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16
Q

Lens to retina

A

lens focuses images onto retina a thin membrane
contains sensory receptors for vision
image projected onto retina is upside down and reversed left to right

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17
Q

Nearsightedness (myopia)

A

distance through eyeball are too short or too long

see nearby objects clearly distant images blurry

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18
Q

Farsightedness (hyperopia)

A

focal image longer than eye can handle
acts as if image should focus behind retina
see distant objects clearly close objects blurry

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19
Q

Rods

A

light sensitive receptors in retina
responds to white and black
encode in shades of grey

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20
Q

cones

A

receptor cells in retina
help see colour and fine detail
don’t function in very dim light

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21
Q

Fovea

retina to brain

A

small area of retina clearest point of vision
largest concentration of cones
change light rays into neural impulses
impulses transmitted to bipolar, amacrine, horizontal cells, then ganglion cells
ganglion cells bundle into cable leaving retinal wall on way to brain

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22
Q

blind spot

A

where cable runs through retinal wall

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23
Q

optic nerve

A

after cable leaves retinal wall

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24
Q

optic chiasm

A

optic nerves from both eyes come together, nerve fibres cross to opposite sides of brain
helps depth perception

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25
Q

feature detectors

A

certain neurons in brain
only responds to specific visual patterns lines or angles
coded at birth to make unique responses

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26
Q

hue

A

colour we see (red,blue,green)

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27
Q

saturation

A

purity of colour

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28
Q

brightness

A

intensity of light energy we perceive

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29
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

3 types of cones in retina
each type makes it maximum chemical responses to blue red green
theory consistent with what happens with cones

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30
Q

opponent-process theory

A

3 classes of cells
red/green yellow/blue black/white
increase/decrease firing rate when different colours are present

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31
Q

negative afterimage

A

use opponent process pairs

stare at one colour brain will give sensation of opposite colour on white surface

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32
Q

colour processing

A

starts at level of retina
continues through bipolar and ganglion cells
completed in colour detectors in visual cortex

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33
Q

colour blindness

A

inability to distinguish certain colours
8% males 1% females’
males main issue diff between red and green
genes for colour vision are carried in x chromosome

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34
Q

frequency

A

hertz

number of cycles completed by sound wave in one second

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35
Q

amplitude

A

(Db) loudness of sound caused by force or pressure with which air molecules move

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36
Q

Timbre

A

distinct quality of sound distinguishing it from other sounds of same pitch and loudness

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37
Q

Pinna

outerear

A

visible curved flap of cartilage and skin

38
Q

auditory canal

A

2.5 cm long lined with hairs

leads to eardrum

39
Q

eardrum

tympanic membrane

A

thin flexible membrane
about 1 cm in diametre
moves in response to sound waves

40
Q

Ossicles

middle ear

A

3 smallest bones in body
amplify sound 22 times
hammer, anvil, stirrup, link eardrum to oval window

41
Q

Cochlea

inner ear

A

fluid filled, snail shaped bony chamber
stirrups push against oval window vibrations move cochlear fluid in waves
waves move basilar membrane cell hair
produce electrical impulse transmitted to brain

42
Q

Place theory

A

we hear individual pitches

cant explain how we can perceive frequencies below 150 hertz

43
Q

frequency theory

A

500 hz tone stimulates hair cells to vibrate 500 times per second
not valid for high frequencies
cannot fire more than 1000 times per second

44
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

soundwaves cannot be conducted to cochlea
hearing aid can by pass middle ear
uses bone conduction to reach cochlea

45
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

damage to cochlea or auditory nerve
hearing aids can help if damage to cochlea is too severe
hearing aids no help if damage to auditory nerve

46
Q

olfaction

A

sensation of smell a chemical sense

47
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

patch at tissue at top of each nasal cavity

contains 10 million smell receptor cells

48
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

2 matchstick sized structures above nasal cavities
smell sensations first register in brain
messages from this relayed to different parts of brain

49
Q

pheromones

A

chemicals excreted by animals/humans

elicits certain behaviour patterns

50
Q

Gustation

A

sense of taste
4 basic tastes bitter, sweet, salty, sour
umamii 5 th taste response to glutamate found in protein rich foods like cheese, meat

51
Q

flavour

A

sensory experience of taste, smell, touch,
much of taste is smell
brain perceives 2 distinctive flavours present in sweet and sour very differently

52
Q

taste buds

A 
small bumps called papillae
4 types of papillae
3 types of papillae have taste buds
each taste bud has 60 to 100 receptor cells
continually replaced
53
Q

non tasters

A

reduced ability to taste smallest number of taste buds per square cm
(96)

54
Q

medium tasters

A

nearly twice as many taste buds (184)

55
Q

supertasters

A

more than 4x as many taste buds (425)

56
Q

mechanism of touch

A

nerve endings send touch message through nerve connections to spinal cord

57
Q

Gate control theory

A

pain signals can be transmitted or inhibited by “gate” in spinal cord

58
Q

Endorphins

A

block pain and produce feelings of well-being

59
Q

acupuncture

A

relieves stress by stimulating release of endorphins

60
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

feedback about movement and position of various body parts

61
Q

vestibular sense

A

detects movement

provides info about body’s orientation in space

62
Q

semicircular canals

A

senses rotation of head when turning head side to side

signals changes in motion or orientation

63
Q

Gestallt

A

german word that means form pattern a figure we see

64
Q

figure ground principle

A

principle of perceptual organization

visual field perceived in terms of object against background

65
Q

perceptual constancy

A

view people from different angles, distances, lighting conditions

66
Q

size constancy

A

see same size regardless of changes in retinal image

67
Q

shape constancy

A

see stable or unchanging shape regardless of differences in viewing angle

68
Q

brightness constancy

A

see same brightness regardless of differences in lightning conditions

69
Q

colour constancy

A

see same colour under different conditions of illumination

70
Q

convergence

BINOCULAR

A

eyes turn inward while focusing nearby objects

closer object greater convergence

71
Q

binocular disparity AKA retinal disparity

binocular

A

difference between 2 retinal images

cues for depth and balance

72
Q

binocular depth cues

A

cues from both eyes

73
Q

monocular depth cues

A

cues from one eye

74
Q

interposition

monocular

A

perceive partially blocked object as farther away

75
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to converge into distance

76
Q

relative size

A

larger objects perceived as closer to viewer, smaller objects as farther away

77
Q

texture gradient

monocular depth cue

A

nearby objects appear to have sharply defined textures
similar objects appear smoother
appear fuzzier the farther away

78
Q

Atmospheric perspective

monocular depth cue

A

distant objects have blue tint

distant objects blurrier than close objects

79
Q

Shadow/shading

monocular depth cue

A

distinguish bulges from indentations by shadows

80
Q

motion parallax

monocular depth cue

A

look out side of window
objects appear to be moving in opposite direction
objects seem to be moving at different speeds

81
Q

real motion

A

movements of objects through space

82
Q

apparent motion

A

psychological

83
Q

autokinetic illusion

A

stare at single unmoving light in dark room appears to move

84
Q

phi phenomenon

A

(strobescopic) neon lights flashing looks like movement

85
Q

ambiguous figures

A

2 different objects

figures seen alternately

86
Q

impossible figures

A

parts appear to be 2 different places at same time

87
Q

illusions

A

false perception or misperception of actual stimulus in environment

88
Q

bottom up processing

A

information transmitted to areas of brain then combined ,assembled into whole pattern person perceives
ex. deciphering doctors writing

89
Q

top down processing

A

past experience, knowledge of context plays role in forming perceptions
we perceive more than sum of individual elements taken in by sensory
ex. pharmacist can decipher your doctors prescription and fill it

90
Q

perceptual set

A

expectations affect perceptions

91
Q

attention

A

process of sorting sensations and selecting some into further processing
inattentional blindness = failure to notice changes in objects if not directly paying attention

psychology 104 (6 decks)

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