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psychology 104 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Afferent neurons

(sensory)

A

relay messages from sense organs, receptors to brain or spinal cord

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2
Q

Efferent neurons

motor

A

signals from the brain, spinal cord to glands, muscles movement.

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3
Q

interneurons

A

thousand times more neurons than motor or sensory neurons
carry information
transmits between neurons in brain and neurons in spinal cord

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4
Q

3 parts of neuron

A

cell body: contains nucleus, carries out metabolic function
Dendrites: branch like extensions of neuron receive signal from other neurons
Axon: transmits signals to other parts of neurons and muscles, glands, other body parts

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5
Q

Glial cells

A

hold neurons together
remove dead neurons
make myelin

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6
Q

synaptic clefts

A

gaps between axon terminals

fluid filled

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7
Q

synapse

A

axon terminal of sending neuron communicates with receiving neuron across synaptic cleft

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8
Q

resting potential

neural impulse

A

neuron firing
inside axon normally more - than +
at rest neurons carry negative electrical potential

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9
Q

action potential

neural impulse

A

neuron is stimulated positive ions flow into axon
changes to positive value
sudden brief reversal

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10
Q

Myelin sheath

A

all or none law
white fatty coating around some axons
impulses up to 100 times faster along axons with myelin sheaths

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11
Q

receptor sites

neurotransmitters

A

sites on dendrite or cell body of neuron

interacts with neurotransmitters

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12
Q

Reuptake

neurotransimtter

A

Neurotransmitter taken from synaptic cleft into axon terminal

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13
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

neurotransmitter

A

Excitatory or inhibtory

excites skeletal muscle fibres

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14
Q

Dopamine (DA)

monoamine transimtter

A

ability to feel pleasure or fear

learning, attention, movement, reinforcement

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15
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

monoamine transmitter

A

eating habits, alertness

involved in mood regulation

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16
Q

epinephrine ( adrenalin)

monoamine transmitter

A

completes NE

affects metabolism of glucose

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17
Q

Serotonin

monoamine transmitter

A

inhibitory

mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression, appetite, depression, anxiety disorders

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18
Q

Glutamate (glutamic acid)

Amino acid neurotransmitter

A

excitatory

active in higher brain structures

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19
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

amino acid neurotransmitter

A

inhibitory
widely distributed throughout CNS
controls anxiety in humans

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20
Q

Endorphins

neurotransmitter

A

opiate like substance
relief from pain or stress of vigorous exercise
produce feelings of pleasure and well-being

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21
Q

2 parts of nervous system

A 
central nervous system (CNS)
brain
spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
connects CNS to all other parts of body
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22
Q

Spinal cord

A

extension of brain
links body with brain
transmits info from brain to PNS and PNS to brain

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23
Q

Brainstem

A

begins at site where spinal cord enlarges as it enters skull

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24
Q

Medulla

A

1 of 3 major structures
controls automatic function
ex. heart beat, breathing, blood pressure, coughing

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25
Q

Reticular formation

A

2 of 3 major structures
AKA Reticular activating system (RAS)
regulates arousal and attention
screens messages entering the brain

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26
Q

Pons (bridges)

A

3 of 3 major structures
connects left and right cerebellum
plays role in movement, sleep, dreaming

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27
Q

Cerebellum

A

means little cerebrum
contains 2 hemispheres
executes smooth, skilled body movement
regulates muscle tone and posture

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28
Q

Thalamus

A

relay station for info flowing into and out of higher brain centre
learn new and verbal info
regulates sleep cycle

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29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behaviour, emotional behaviours
regulates body temp
regulates our biological clock

30
Q

Amygdala

A

part of limbic system
associations between external events and emotions
learned fear responses
responds to aversive stimuli

31
Q

Hippocampus

A

part of limbic system

LTM navigational maps

32
Q

Cerebrum

A

part of cerebral hemispheres

two cerebral hemispheres connected by corpus callosum

33
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

part of hemispheres
thick band of nerve fibres
transfer of info and coordination between the 2 hemispheres

34
Q

cerebral cortex

A

covers cerebral hemispheres
higher mental processes
language, memory, thinking

35
Q

cortex

A

grey matter

36
Q

frontal lobe

A

controls moving, speaking, thinking

contains motor cortex brocas areas frontal association area

37
Q

motor cortex

A

controls voluntary body movement
Wilder Penfields homunculus map
plasticity can adapt to changes

38
Q

brocca’s area

A 
frontal lobe
left hemi
controls speech sounds
injury = brocca's aphasia
understand language
39
Q

frontal association areas

A

thinking, motivation, future planning, impulse control, emotional responses,
ex. Phineas Gage

40
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

touch
reception of touch stimuli
lobes contain somatosensory cortex

41
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

touch, pressure, temperature, heat register in this cortex

awareness of body movements and position

42
Q

occipital lobe

A

sight
contain primary visual cortex
involved in reception and interpretation of visual information

43
Q

primary visual cortex

A

area at back of occipital lobe

vision registers in cortex

44
Q

temporal lobes

A

hearing

lobes contain primary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area (left lobe) and association areas

45
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

where hearing registers in cortex

injury = damage to hearing

46
Q

Lateralization

A

specialization of cerebral hemisphere

47
Q

Left hemisphere

A

language and mathematics
controls right side of body
coordinates complex movements

48
Q

Right hemisphere

A 
visual-spatial relations
controls left side of body
how we hear language
creativity and intuition
recognizing and expressing emotion
49
Q

split brain

A

performed in severe cases of epilepsy
corpus callosum is cut
lessens severity and frequency of seizures

50
Q

brain lifespan

A

grows in spurts
gains and loses synapses through life
brain weight declines around age 30

51
Q

brain damage

A

Hippocampus can regenerate neurons
damaged neurons can sprout new dendrites
axons can regenerate and grow
reorganization of brain= plasticity or neuroplasticity

52
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram record of brainwave activity

measures 4 types of waves (beta, alpha, theta, delta)

53
Q

Microelectrode

A

tiny wire, can be inserted into a single neuron

54
Q

4 types of waves

A 
beta= mental or physical activity (13 or more cycles per second)
alpha= deep relaxation (8 to 12 cycles per second)
Theta= light sleep (just before deep sleep)
delta= slow wave sleep (1-3 cycles per second)
55
Q

CT scan

A

computerized axial tomography

computerized cross-sectional images of brain structure

56
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

cleaner more detailed images of brain than CT scan

57
Q

PET scan

A

positron emission tomography

map patterns of blood flow, oxygen and glucose use

58
Q

SQUID

A

superconducting quantum interference device

magnetic changes in electric current that neurons discharge

59
Q

MEG

A

magnetoencephalography

neural activity in brain as it happens

60
Q

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

A

nerves connect CNS to body
sends info to other prats of body
divided into somatic and autonomtic

61
Q

SNS(somatic nervous system)

A

voluntary muscle control
sense receptors to CNS
motor nerves from CNS to skeletal muscles

62
Q

ANS(autonomic nervous system)

A

automatic and involuntary

CNS messages to glands, cardiac(heart) muscle, and smooth muscles

63
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

stress system

64
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

relaxation system

65
Q

endocrine system

A

series of ductless glands in the body

manufactures secretes hormones

66
Q

Hormones

A

released in one part of the body

affects other parts of the body

67
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland
controlled by hypothalamus
releases hormones that activates other glands

68
Q

thyroid gland

A

in front lower part of neck below voice box
produces hormone thyroxine
regulates food metabolism

69
Q

adrenal glands

A 
2 above kidneys
produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
activates sympathetic nervous system
releases corticoids to control salt balance
releases sex hormones
70
Q

pancreas

A

regulates blood sugar levels

releases insulin and glucagon into bloodstream

71
Q

sex glands (Gonads)

A

ovaries and testes
activated by pituitary gland
gonads release sex hormones for reproduction

psychology 104 (6 decks)

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