chapter 4 Flashcards
circadian rhythms
controlled by brain within 24 hr period high to low points of bodily functions ex. hormones 2-7 am alertness drops 2-5pm alertness drops 4-5am when body temp is the lowest 5-8 highest body temp 37
ultradian rhythm
biological patterns that occur more than once a day
ex. hunger, eye blinks
Infradian rhythm
exceeds 24 hr
ex. menstrual cycle
suprachiasmatic nucleus
tiny piece of brain in hypothalamus
acts as biological clock
acts on centre of brain by signalling pineal gland
affected by travel, alarm
Jet Lag
Biological clock synchronized with usual time, not new one
chronic jet lag can produce memory deficits
Shift Work
rotating shifts and irregular schedule most common
Subjective night
energy/ efficiency levels are low
biological clock says sleep
slower reaction time
NREM sleep
no rapid eye movement
quiet sleep
heart rate and respiration slow
little body movement
REM
rapid eye movement active sleep 20-25% of adult sleep intense brain activity and brain temp increases large muscles become paralyzed heart rate rises and respiration faster
Larks 25% of people
body temp rise 7:30 pm early to bed
more difficulty with night shifts
Owls 25% of people
Body temp rises gradually through the day drops late in evening
REM dreams
vivd dreams
continuous during each REM period
more emotional
NREM dreams
mental activity during NREM sleep
more thought like in quality
short sleepers
20% of population
less than 6 hours of sleep
long sleepers
10% of population
more than 9 hours of sleep
sleepwalking (somnambulism)
eyes open blank stare
shuffle poor coordination, speech is unintelligible
sleep terror
often begins with piercing scream
panic lasts 5-15min
Nightmares
frightening dreams during REM sleep
anxiety, fever, drug withdrawal
sleep talking (somniloquoy)
occurs during any sleep stage
more frequent in children
mumble no talking or responding
Narcolepsy
incurable sleep disorder
excessive daytime sleepiness
uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep
Sleep Apnea
sleep periods when breathing stops
individual must awaken briefly to breathe
alcohol and drug use aggreviate
Insomnia
difficulty falling and staying asleep
sleep is light, restless or poor quality
13.4% of canadians over age of 15
Meditation
focus attention on object breathing body movement to block out all distractions
altered state of consciousness
helps individuals with depression
yoga, zen, transcendent meditation
Hypnosis
trance like state of concentrated and focused attention
heightened suggestibility diminished response to external stimuli
suspend usual rational and logical ways of thinking
Psychoactive drugs
alter normal mental functioning mood, perception, and thought
some legal, most not
controlled substances used medically
trigger dopamine
drug dependence
physical drug dependence
compulsive pattern
user develops tolerance
unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Drug tolerance
user progressively less affected
larger doses necessary to achieve some effect
larger doses necessary to maintain some effects 4 factors
stimulants (uppers)
speed up CNS suppress appetite feel more awake legal stimulations caffeine nicotine controlled stimulants amphetamines illegal stimulants cocaine
Amphetamines (stimulants)
increases arousal relieves fatigue suppress appetite gives energy more 100g gives bad effects withdrawals exhausted depression hunger overdoses hemorages
cocaine (stimulant)
from coca leaves euphoria then crash reward system don't function normally withdrawal wanting to do more to feel pleasure raises blood pressure
Hallucinogens
pyschedelics
alter perception and mood
can cause hallucinations
enhance mood you’re in
LSD
trips 10-12 hrs
vivd hallucinations and distortions
flashback= recurrence of trip
Ecstasy (MDMA)
designer drug
joyous state
can impair cognitive functions (memory, talking, self control, analytic thought
Marijuana
relaxation and giddiness
perceptions distortions and hallucinations
THC 13 main pyschoactive
Depressants (downers)
decrease activity CNS
slow down bodily functions
reduce sensitivity to outside stimulation
Alcohol
relaxes than depresses CNS CNS depressant used as sedative sleeping pills minor tranquilizers impair memory
Narcotics
opium poppy (morphine, codeine) means stupor relieves pain : calming effect Heroin highly addictive narcotic derived from morphine withdrawal comes quick obstructs bowels
Drugs effect the brain
increase neurotransmitters dopamine
after nucleus accumbers in brain limbic system
role in reinforcement and reward
consequence of addiction in life
