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psychology 104 > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

scientific study of behaviour/mental processes

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2
Q

goals of psychology

A

description, explanation, prediction, influence

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3
Q

theory

A

general principle or set of principles. Organizes facts systematically. Can be proven

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4
Q

Basic research

A

Seeks new knowledge. Explores advances general scientific understanding. Answers goals of theory

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5
Q

Applied research

A

solving practical problems.Applying research to life

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6
Q

descriptive research methods

A 
Naturalistic observation
laboratory observation
Case study method
survey research
correlational studies
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7
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

observe/record behaviour in natural setting

no attempt to influence or control behaviour

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8
Q

Laboratory observation

A

more precise equipment to measure responses. Less spontaneity of behaviour

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9
Q

Case study method

A

interviews/observations. Can’t establish cause of disorders. in depth study overtime

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10
Q

survey research

A

use interviews/questionnaire. Obtain specific information about groups.Show changes of attitudes/behaviours overtime.

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11
Q

interviews

A

personal characteristics can influence outcome. Subconsciously change answers. To avoid bias need outsider to conduct.

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12
Q

correlational studies

A

can’t determine cause just relationship. useful in making predictions. establish relationship correlational between 2 characteristics.

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13
Q

correlational coefficient

A

indicates degree and direction of relationship between 2 variables.
+1.00 perfect + correlational
-1.00 perfect - correlational
anything less than 80 % not usually strong

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14
Q

correlational predication

A

stronger relationship = better prediction. correlational does not equal cause.

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15
Q

experimental method

A

searching for cause. will give cause and effect. Test hypothesis (educated guess)

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16
Q

independent variable

A

manipulated to determine if causing change in behaviour or condition

17
Q

Dependent variable

A

measured at end of experiment

varies at IV manipulated

18
Q

experimental group

A

participants exposed to IV

19
Q

control group

A

exposed to same environment as experimental group but not given IV treatments used for comparison

20
Q

selectional bias

A

systematic differences among groups present at beginning of experiment. Solution random assignment (random participants assigned)

21
Q

experimenter bias

A

preconceived expectations influence participants behaviour or interpretation of results. Solution double blind ( unknown who is in treatment or control group)

22
Q

Placebo effect

A

response to treatment due to expectations rather than treatment. Inert substance (sugar pill, saline solution)

23
Q

population
sample
representative sample

A 
population = entire group of interest
sample = portion of population studied
rs =  subgroups in same proportion as population
24
Q

founder of psychology

A

willhelm wundt
Lab in Lipzeig Germany 1879
searching for structure of conscience experience

25
Q

Edward bradford tichtener

A

introduced psychology to north america. came up with structuralism.

26
Q

Structuralism

A

analyze basic structure of conscious mental experience

27
Q

Functionalism

A

Strong impact from Charles Darwin’s book (Origins of species by means of natural selection. Broadened scope of psychology to include study of behaviour and mental processes

28
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

Leader was Max Wertheimer. Introduced famous experiment of phi phenomenon. Influence the psychology of perception today.

29
Q

Behaviourism

A

John.B Watson
observable/ measureable behaviour
environmental factors determine behvaiour
B.F skinner operant or deliberate conditioning criticism
ignores mental processes thoughts, feelings

30
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud
unseen, unconscious, mental forces key to understanding human behaviour
psychoanalysis and iceberg theory
CONTROVERSY
emphasis on sexual and aggressive impulses

31
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

uniqueness, health, growth,
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-actualization
Carl Rogers- person centered therapy

32
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

Mental processes: memory, problem solving, concept formation, reasoning, decision making, language
parellele processing
PET scans

33
Q

Biological perspective

(current)

A

Brain, central nervous system, neurons, neurotransmitters, hormones, genes
Neuroscience study of brain functioning

34
Q

Evolutionary perspective

(current)

A

Humans evolved and adapted to survive

adaptation of mind is not at same pace as social circumstances

35
Q

Sociocultural perspective

(current)

A

social and cultural influences on human behaviour

importance of understanding influences when interpreting behaviours of others

psychology 104 (6 decks)

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