Chapter 7 Flashcards
Is the associative structure of instrumental conditioning molar or molecular approach?
Molecular
What is the SR association called?
Habit (stimuli-response): association between contextual stimuli and instrumental response; after a while it becomes an habit, O is not needed anymore
What is the SO association called?
Pavlovian conditioning (stimulus/outcome): stimulus triggers the memory of the outcome: puts the organism in a motivational state to perform the instrumental response.
What is the insensive salience theory?
when someone is exposed to the stimulus associated w taken the drug, it triggers the emotional state usually triggered by the outcome (being high on the drug), leading to intense cravings (mostly associated with drug addiction patterns)
What were the 2 reasons that Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence established for the increase of RO
1- Stimuli evokes the RO through the SR associations (skinnerian view)
2-RO is also triggered by the SO association (pavlovian view)
Who was major in the discovery of SR associations?
BF Skinner
Who was major in the discovery of SO associations?
Pavlov
What is the two-process theory?
Both pavlovian (classical) and instrumental conditioning are involved in the development of an instrumental response
What is the Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiment (steps)?
Phase 1 and 2: classical (SO) ans instrumental (RO) conditioning
• 2 phases can be interchanged (1 before 2 or vice versa) and can happen in different training chambers
Phase 3: transfer test - presenting Pavlovian CS during performance of the instrumental response (how much lever pressing happens with and without the tone)
The instrumental response will be performed more when the pavlovian CS is also present (puts the organism in a motivational state)
What is the Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiment trying to demonstrate?
It determines how an independently established Pavlovian CS transfers to influence or motivate instrumental responding (that SO association also has an influence on responding rate)
Who was major in developing the RO association?
Skinner
What is the RO association?
Response-Outcome: A response leads to an outcome, which is a reinforcer for the stimulus (instrumental/operant conditioning)
How can we test the importance of the outcome in relation to the response?
With the reinforcer devaluation experiment
What is the reinforcer devaluation experiment?
If reinforcer devaluation disrupts instrumental behavior, this shows that the memory of the outcome (O) was involved in motivating the instrumental behavior.(ex experiment with smokers)
Which behavioural mechanisms predominate in free-opreant situations (when you have a choice)?
RO mechanisms
Which behavioural mechanisms predominate in situation where behaviour is automatically generated in response to cues?
SR mechanisms
What is the 3 term contingency?
Subject thinks about RO when it encounters S - motivates the organism to make the instrumental response and get the reinforcer
Context sets the occasion for the instrumental response to take place
Is the response-allocation approach a molar or molecular approach?
Molar
What is the response allocation approach?
Focuses on how instrumental conditioning procedures limit an organism’s activities and causes redistributions of behaviour among available response options
What is the consumatory response theory?
Response sequences are actually reinforcers; ex being able to eat, not food itself
What is the premack principle?
We can use a high probability behaviour (like eating) to reinforce a low probability behaviour (like bar-pressing)
What is the other name of the premack principle?
Differential probability principle
What is the power of the premack principle?
The power of the Premack principle is that potentially any high-probability activity can be an effective reinforcer for a response that the individual is not inclined to perform
What is a challenge to the premack principle?
The response deprivation hypothesis
What is the response deprivation hypothesis?
Even a low probability response can serve as a reinforcer as long as it is restricted (given that restriction of the reinforcer activity is the critical factor for instrumental reinforcement)
What is the unconstrained baseline?
How an individual allocates his/her response to various behavioural options when there are no restrictions
What is the behavioural blisspoint?
What does the individual do when it is 100% free to act
What is the other name of the behavioural blisspoint
Unconstrained baseline
What disturbs the behavioural blisspoint?
Implementation of an instrumental contingency
WHat is an instrumental contingency?
imposing limits on response allocation
What is the minimum deviation model
Point closest (on the line) to the bliss point
What are the reinforcement effects in an instrumental contingency imposition?
Access to the reinforcer is restricted; to gain more opportunity to engage in the reinforcer response, the individual has to perform more of the instrumental response
