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PSYC 351 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning

A

Refers to the mechanisms that lead to enduring changes in behaviour or in the acquisition of new behaviour that results from experience

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2
Q

What are the different mechanisms for acquiring behaviour

A
  • Repeated sequences of movement: cooking
  • Mentally rehearsing info: rehearsing the steps to a dance routine
  • Consequences of behaviour: opening the tap for water
  • Observation: observing our friends in class
  • Imitation: of teacher / sports coach
  • Repeated stimulation: listening to same music to go w dance routine
  • Association btw events and environment: sound of waves – signal vacation
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3
Q

What are other sources of behaviour change (rather than learning)

A
  • Fatigue
  • Maturation
  • Sickness
  • Nature/nurture
  • Biology/genes/environment
  • Change in stimulus conditions (ex:loud noise during exam: startled)
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4
Q

What is intentional learning

A

Takes place in school, requires organized instruction, conscious effort to learn (ex: taking a painting class)

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5
Q

What is unintentional learning

A

Learning simple relationships btw events in the environment,
emotional reactions to stimuli or
simple motor movements
(conditioning, habituation and sensitization)

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6
Q

What is latent learning (incidental learning)

A

An info is being acquired without any reason for acquiring it

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7
Q

What is the learning-performance distinction

A

learning is not only the performance of a behaviour: it’s a change in the ability/potential to perform that behaviour (potential might remain unused for a long time)
ex: you can learn and know CPR and never have to do it, but the potential to perform it is there

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of behaviourism

A
  • Methodological (Watson): behaviour of organisms, no mental state, no internal processes of thinking
  • Psychological: external stimuli responses, reinforcements, does not deny the existence of mental processes
  • Analytical/logical: No mental state (all mental states can be translated into behavioural states)
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9
Q

What are 2 myths about behavioursim

A

1- It’s “dead”; it is still greatly used in psych

2- it does not acknowledge the mind/mentals states (it does)

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10
Q

What are Asistotle 3 principles for establishing associations

A
  • Contiguity (happening together in time and space)
  • Similarity (common look)
  • Contrast (perceived difference associated)
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11
Q

What is the dualist perspective (René Descartes)

A

the body is separate of the mind

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12
Q

René Descarte’s perspective on reflex and brain

A

Nervous system = hollow tubes, animal spirits flow from nerves to brain

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13
Q

What is the nativist perpective (René Descartes)

A

Some ideas are innate

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14
Q

What is the rationalist perspective (René Descartes)

A

I think therefore i am

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15
Q

What is phenomenologism (René Descartes)

A

introspective study of conscience (using one’s thoughts)

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16
Q

What is empiricism

A

acquiring knowledge from experience and experimentation

17
Q

What is epistemology

A

how we acquire knowledge (using evidence of sense to make inferences about the world)

18
Q

Study “Dawn of the Modern Era” and part about history

A

You can do this :)

19
Q

What do we mean when we think of learning as an experimental science?

A

Its about how prior experience changes behaviour, identifying essential components of learning

20
Q

What is the basic questions of learning as an experimental science?

A

Does a training procedure produces a change in behaviour?

21
Q

What is the general process approach

A

An attempt to formulate general laws of learning (generality is assumed to exist)

22
Q

What is cartesian dualism

A

Divides behaviour into:

  • voluntary: conscious intent to do smth
  • Involuntary: reactions to external stimuli (reflexes)
23
Q

What is hedonism (Thomas Hobbes)

A

Research of pleasure and avoidance of pain

24
Q

What are the secondary rules of associations? (Thomas Brown)

A
  • association depends on intensity and frequency of stimuli

- a new association depends on the occurence of previous associations involving the same stimuli

25
Q

Who believed in “clean slate” (tabula rasa), and what is it?

A

John Locke; its the fact that we have nothing innate; we learn from experience

26
Q

Who demonstrated that 2 sets of nerves were used in relfexes?

A

Charles Bell (sensory and motor nerves)

27
Q

Who proposed that large stimuli does not always meant large response?

A

Schenon

28
Q

Who proposed the animal model?

A

Charles Darwin: he said that we descend from animals, therefore there is a way to study our cognition/behaviour through theirs

29
Q

What is nervism

A

Theory that states that physiological functions aer governed by the neural system

30
Q

Why are we using animal models?

A

Beacause sometimes it makes is easier to control the variables

31
Q

What makes a model valid?

A

-Relevant features/functions being studied are present and similar in both the model and the subject

32
Q

Is there a difference in results while using domesticated and wild animals for studies?

A

No, they provide similar results

33
Q

What are ways to make research on animals more ethical?

A
  • Replacing them
  • Reducing the nbr of animals used
  • Refining the procedures to cause less suffering
34
Q

What are alternatives to research on animals?

A
  • Observational techniques
  • Plants
  • Tissue cultures
  • Computer simulations
35
Q

What is the General Process approach to the Study of Learning?

A

Looking for commonalities rather than variation in patterns is easier; the world is believed to be ruled w patterns
***It’s about generality in the processes of learning, NOT in the responses and stimulus specifically
That is why experiment paradigms have been developped (ex Skinner box)
Empirical proof of this phenomena exists

36
Q

What is the rationale for using animals in behavioural research?

A
  • Higher precision
  • Studying how to acquire behaviours
  • knowledge in evolutionnary/biological bases of learning
  • Behaviour is less influenced by various factors (culture, language, etc)

PSYC 351 (10 decks)

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