Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is elicited behaviour (+ examples)
Behaviours that occur in relation to environmental stimuli
- Simple reflexes (blink when puff in eye)
- Courtship (quails)
- Sexual behaviour (quails)
- Goal-directed behaviour (eagle seeking prey)
- Complex emotions
Learning in animals depends on what
their preexisting behaviour systems
Ex: hard to teach a duck to climb a tree, easier to teach it to swim (the movement required is already known)
What is a simple reflex, what does it require
It requires only the spinal cord
Reflex = eliciting stimulus + corresponding response
What is the reflex arc related to reflexes
Stimulus - afferetn neuron - interneuron - efferent neuron - behaviour
What is the Fixed (Modal) Action Pattern
The relatively invariant behaviours (response sequences) within a species
ex: blink when air to the eye
* Once it starts, the whole sequence will unfold until the pattern is done
What is a sign stimulus
Stimulus that elicits a Fixed Action Pattern in a specie
Ex: air to the eye
What is a supernormal stimulus
An exaggerated version of a sign stimulus (produces exaggerated response)
ex: models being extra modified in ads to appear ot have bigger boobs
Who is Deidre Barrett and what did he do?
Psychologist, claimed that the entertainment industry is hijacking our social instincts, and that supernormal stimulus governs our behaviour
What are phobias (include sign stimuli)
Exaggerated fear of a sign stimuli
Ex: PTSD from war can become fear of fireworks
What is the concept of sequential organization of behaviour?
For any behaviour, there is a sequence of behaviours leading to it
ex: sleeping: turn off lights, get pyjama, get into bed, etc, and then sleep
How is called the sequence of behaviours leading to a specific behaviour?
Appetitive behaviour (it can vary, but the final behaviour does not) Can be subdivided into categories or steps
What is the final behaviour of a sequential organization of behaviours called?
Consumatory behaviour (does NOT vary) ex: sleeping
What is habituation
decrease in the frequency/intensity of a response to a stimulus with repeated presentations
ex: reading in living room, hearing neighbors walking upstairs, will not be as bothering over time
STIMULUS SPECIFIC
What is sensitization
Increase in the intensity of a response with repeated presentation of the stimuli
ex: If someone is listenning to loud tv at the same time in the living room, + neighbord upstairs, made the neighbors upstairs even more annoying
NOT STIMULUS SPECIFIC
If someone is listenning to loud tv at the same time in the living room, + neighbord upstairs, made the neighbors upstairs even more annoying
What is the sensitizing stimulus
The loud tv (what made the initial stimulus bothersome)
What is dishabituation
When another stimulus comes and dishabituates you from the first one
NOT STIMULUS SPECIFIC
Ex: Our own bed feels weird when we come back home after a vacation (and slept in another bed for a few days)
Which is stimulus-specific; habituation or sensitization?
Habituation
What are other features of habituation
Dissipates w rest, a spontaneous recovery can occur after rest, can happen over short or long term
What does it means that habituation and sensitization are adaptive?
They make us pay attention to stimulus that could be potentially dangerous
What is sensory adaptation
Reduction of a response due to something happening in the sense organs
Ex: making less weird face after being in bright light for a while (pupils adapted)
What does it means that sensitization is influenced by the state of arousal
If im really stressed while studying for an exam, someone who knocks on my door will startle me, while if im just chilling in my room it wont startle me as much bc im already calm
What is the nervous system pathway of sensitization or habituation
Sense organ (site of sensory adaptation) - Sensory (afferent) neuron - Central nervous sys (where sensitization or habituation happens - motor (efferent) neuron - muscle (site of response fatigue)
What is the dual process theory of habituation and sensitization?
different types of underlying neural processes are responsible for increases and decreases in responsiveness to stimulation. One neural process produces decreases in responsiveness. This is called the habituation process. Another produces increases in responsiveness. This is called the sensitization process.
Are habituation and sensitization mutually exclusive?
No, they are always activated together
What dertermines if habituation occurs?
The S-R system (shortest neural pathwy form sensory organs to muscles, similar to reflexes)
Is activated by any eliciting stimulus and eventually causes a buildup of habituation
What dertermines if sensitization occurs?
The State-System: parts of the nervous system that determine the general level of responsiveness of the organism
Activated only by arousing events
What dertermines if sensitization or habituation occurs?
The net response between the S-R system and the State-system (which is more predominantly activated)
What is the Opponent Process Theory of Motivation?
All emotions are biphasic; the fist response will become weaker/habituate with repeated stimulations because the after reaction will become stronger each time
What is the goal of Opponent Process Theory of Motivation?
To maintain emotional stability
What is called the first emotional state in Opponent Process Theory of Motivation?
The “a process” (also called primary process)
What is called the second emotional state in Opponent Process Theory of Motivation?
The “b process” (also called opponent process)
What is the link between drug tolerance and Opponent Process Theory of Motivation?
The more you take a drug, the after reaction becomes stronger (hangover sort of), and the first reaction (high) is weaker. Therefore you develop a tolerance to the drug and you need a higher dose to experience a reaction (that will only deepen the problem)
In other words; first taking a drug = reward, then antireward
taking it for a long time = mostly antireward
drug seeking behaviour is motivated by reducing the antireward reaction
