Chapter 7 Flashcards
blood
fluid pumped throughout the body, carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and wastes away from the cells
red blood cells (RBCs)
cells within the blood that contain hemoglobin responsible for carrying oxygen to tissues also known as erythrocytes
white blood cells (WBCs)
cells within the blood that help to protect the body from pathogens; also know as leukocytes
platelets (PLTs)/thrombocytes
large cell fragments in the bone marrow that function in clotting; also known as thrombocytes
plasma
the fluid part of the blood
hemotopoiesis
the formation of blood cells
hemoglobin(hgb or Hgb)
the part of the red blood cell that carries oxygen
hemostasis
the interruption of bleeding
coagulation
clotting the change from a liquid into a thickened substance
antigen
a substance that promotes the production of antibodies
antibodies
immune responses to antigens
- the immune system is the armed forces network that develops special forces, called antibodies
- produced by plasma cells in the blood to protect the body from pathogens and other invaders (antigens) that may disrupt proper function
blood type
a system of classifying blood based on the antigens present on the surface of the individual’s red blood cells’ also known as blood group
Rh (Rhesus) Factor
an antigen located on the red blood cell that produces immunogenic responses in those individuals without it
transfusion
the provision of one persons blood or plasma to another individual
agglutination
the process of red blood cells combining together in a mass or lump
hemolysis
the destruction of red blood cells, resulting in the release of hemoglobin into the blood stream
antibodies
immune responses to antigens
antigen
a substance that promotes the production of antibodies
congenital
means present at birth
erythropoiesis
the process where red bone marrow produces red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
Leukopoiesis
the process where red bone marrow produces White blood cells (leukocytes)
what is bloods primary job?
transporting oxygen from the lungs and delivering it to tissue cells throughout the body
- oxygen passes from the lungs to the blood
- binds to the red blood cells and the hemoglobin (h g b or H g b)inside those R B Cs)
- travels via the arteries
After delivering the oxygen (O 2) to the cells;
- picks up carbon dioxide (C O 2)
- carries it back to the lungs for expulsion from the body
- travels via the veins
Nutritional anemia
deficiency of iron and other nutrients
hemolytic anemia
high rate of blood cell destruction
aplastic anemia
lack of blood cell production
hemorrhagic anemia
blood loss
Sickle cell disease (SCD)
is not actually one diagnosis, but represents several genetically passed disorders of the red blood cells (RBCs)
- normal rbcs are round, whereas an individual with SCD develops red blood cells that are a C-shaped and are unusually firm and sticky.
- The shape of these cells resembles a tool known as a sickle.
- they have a shorter life spa, resulting in a continuing shortage of RBCs.
- the sticky texture of these cells also increases the opportunity for the cells to stick to the walls of the blood vessels, manifesting obstructions and an ineffective delivery of oxygen via the hemoglobin–can cause pain, infection, ect.
H B- SS
a condition in which the patient has inherited two sickle cell genes (“S”) one from each parent. Commonly referred to as sickle cell anemia, this is typically the most acute form of this condition
H b- C,HB-S,or H B- S C
this patient has inherited a sickle cell gene (“S”) from one parent and a gene for abnormal hemoglobin called “C” from the other parent
H b S beta thalassemia
manifests when a patient inherits one sickle cell gene “S” from one parent and the gene for beta thalassemia from the other parent
H b S D and H b S E
a patient inherits one sickle cell gene “S” and one gene with an abnormal type of hemoglobin “D”,”E”. or”O” it would be documented as Hb-SD, Hb-SE, or Hb-S
Sickle cell trait (SCT)
develops when the patient has inherited one sickle cell gene “S” from one parent and a normal gene “A” from the other parent.
- don’t typically exhibit any signs or symptoms of the disease. When this patient considers having children, this should be noted because this can be passed along to future children.
Hemostatic disorder
failure to repair a damaged blood vessel
example- D66 Hereditary factor VIII deficiency (Classical Hemophilia)
Thrombotic disorder
blood clots without reason, forming thrombi (blood clots) within the vessels, causing a blockage
example
D68.59 Other primary thrombophilia (Hypercoagulable state N O S)
Hemophilia A (Classic Hemophilia)
Deficiency of clotting factor V I I I
Hemophilia B (Christmas Disease)
Deficiency of clotting factor I X
Hemophilia C (Rosenthal’s Disease)
Deficiency of clotting factor X I
Acquired hemophilia (secondary hemophilia)
an auto immune disease where antibodies are created than attack healthy tissue, specifically clotting factor V I I
Thrombocytopenia
this is a low platelet count most often due to increased platelet destruction, decreased platelet production, or malfunctioning platelets
examples
- code category D^( Purpura and other hemorrhagic conditions
- O72.3 Postpartum coagulation defects
- P61.0 Transient neonatal thrombocytopenia
Type A blood
only antigen A on red blood cells
-can receive a transfusion only from type A or type O
Type B blood
only antigen B on red blood cells
-can receive a transfusion only from type B or type O
Type AB blood
both antigens A and B
-they can receive type A blood, Type B blood or type O blood a universal recipients
Type O blood
neither antigen A or B Antigens
-anyone can accept this blood type= universal donors
R h- Negative
does not have the R h antigen
R h-positive
does have the R h antigen
Why is there concern about complications if an R- h negative woman gets pregnant?
because R h factor is inherited
- if an R h negative woman become pregnant with an R h Positive fetus (the father is R h Positive) = complications
- often, the placenta will prevent the mother’s blood from mixing with the baby’s blood, keeping baby safe.
neurtrophils
contain enzymes that work to destroy parts of bacterial pathogens that have been consumed by phagocytes
lymphocytes
are critical in the immune response
monocytes
large blood cells that travel throughout the body and destroy damaged red blood cells
eosinophils
destroy some parasites in addition to controlling inflammation and allergic reactions
basophils
create heparin, a blood-thinning agent that prevents inappropriate blood clotting, and create histamines, involved in allergic reactions
neurtropenia
bone marrow produces an abnormally low number of white blood cells
a diagnosis of neutropenia may be
- congenital condition
- adverse reaction to chemotherapy or other medications
- malfunction of the hematopoiesis process
Leukopenia
not enough leukocytes produced
Leukocytosis
too many leukocytes produced
Leukemia
a malignancy of the white blood cell resulting in the bone marrow producing abnormal white blood cells that do not function as needed. this is reported from the neoplasms section of the ICD-10-CM, specifically the C91-C95 code category
monocytic, eosinophilic, and basophilic conditions
malfunctions causing too few, or too many, neutrophils and leukocytes might also occur to the other types of white blood cells
examples:
- D72.818 Other decreased white blood cell count (Basophilic leukopenia)(Eosinophililc leukopinia)(Monocytopenia)
- D72.821 Monocytosis (symptomatic)
- D72.823 Leukemoid reaction (Basophilic leukemoid reaction (Monocytic leukemoid reaction)(Neurtrophilic leukemoid reaction)
Spleen
- part of the lymphatic system, but it contains white blood cells that work to fight infection
- damage to this organ can be caused by disease or trauma
List some immune system conditions
- immunodeficiencies
- allergies
- sarcoidosis
- wiskott-aldrich syndrome
