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Grade 12 Biology > Chapter 7 & 8: Homeostasis > Flashcards

Chapter 7 & 8: Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Ureters

A

Tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

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2
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body.

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3
Q

Cortex

A

The outer layer of the kidney

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4
Q

Medulla

A

The area inside of the cortex.

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5
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

the area where the kidney joins the ureter.

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6
Q

Nephrons

A

Functional Units of the kidneys

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7
Q

Afferent Arterioles

A

Small branches that carry blood to the glomerulus.

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8
Q

Glomerulus

A

High- Pressure capillary bed that is the site of filtration.

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9
Q

Efferent Arterioles

A

Small branches that carry blood away from the glomerulus to a capillary net.

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10
Q

Peritubular Capillaries

A

A network of small blood vessels that surround the nephron.

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11
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

Cuplike structure that surrounds the glomerulus.

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12
Q

Proximal Tubule

A

Section of the nephron joining the Bowman’s capsule with the loop of Henle

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13
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Carries filtrate from the proximal tubule to the distal tubule.

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14
Q

Distal Tubule

A

Conducts urine from the loop of Henle to the collecting duct.

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15
Q

Collecting Duct

A

Tube that carries urine from nephrons to the pelvis of a kidney.

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16
Q

Filtration

A

The process by which blood or body fluids pass through a selectively permeable membrane.

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17
Q

Reabsorption

A

Transfer of glomerular filtrate from the nephron back into the capillaries.

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18
Q

Secretion

A

Movements of materials, such as ammonia and some drugs, from the blood back into the distal tubule.

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19
Q

Threshold Level

A

The maximum amount of material that can be moved across the nephron.

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20
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

The fluid that surrounds the body cells

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21
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Causes the kidneys to increase water reabsorption.

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22
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Specialized nerve cells in the hypothalamus that detect changes in the osmotic pressure of the blood and surrounding extracellular fluids (ECF).

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23
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process by which a constant internal environment is maintained despite changes in the external environment.

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24
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

A condition that remains stable within fluctuating limits.

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25
Q

Negative Feedback

A

The process by which a mechanism is activated to restore conditions to their original state.

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26
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Process by which a small effect is amplified.

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27
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently.

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28
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Region of the vertebrate’s brain responsible for coordinating many nerve and hormone functions.

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29
Q

Deamination

A

Removal of an amino group from an organic compound.

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30
Q

Urea

A

Nitrogen waste formed from two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide.

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31
Q

Uric Acid

A

Waste product formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids.

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32
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A

A structure in unicellular organisms that maintains osmotic equilibrium by pumping fluid out from the cell.

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33
Q

Aldosterone

A

Hormone that increases Na+ reabsorption from the distal tubule and collecting duct.

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34
Q

Xenotransplants

A

Transplants from one species to another; the word xeno means “strange” or “foreign”.

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35
Q

Transgenic Animals

A

Animals that have genes from other species incorporated into their DNA.

36
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body.

37
Q

Endocrine Hormones

A

Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands diectly into the blood.

38
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, that stimulates growth of the body; also known as somatotropin (STH).

39
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; insulin in secreated when blood sugar levels are high.

40
Q

Epinephrine

A

Hormone, produced in the adrenal medulla, that accelerates heart rate and body reactions during a crisis (the fight-or-flight response); also known as adrenaline.

41
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Group of hormones, made from cholesterol, that includes male ans female sex hormones and cortisol.

42
Q

Cortisol

A

Hormone that stimulates the conversion of amino acids to glucose by the liver.

43
Q

Protein Hormones

A

Group of hormones, composed of chains of amino acids, that includes insulin and growth hormone.

44
Q

Unused protein Hormones

A

Protein hormones that do not attach to receptor molecules on target cells are removed from the bod by the liver or kidney. The presence of these hormones can be monitored by urinalysis.

45
Q

Homeostasis is best defined as…

A

a feedback system designed to maintain body systems within an optimal range while responding to environmental or external change

46
Q

A rapid increase in external temperature would be followed by which homeostatic adjustment in humans?

A

an increase in blood flow to the arms and an increase in perspiration

47
Q

Nitrogen wastes from the breakdown of proteins and amino acids are removed from the body by the…

A

conversion of ammonia to urea in the liver and filtration by the kidney

48
Q

An increase in blood pressure in the glomerulus would cause…

A

an increase in filtration and an increase in urine output

49
Q

Concentrated urine is produced when ADH is…

A

abundant and the collecting duct is permeable to water

50
Q

After a severe cut to the skin, the production of urine temporarily decreases. This can be explained by the drop in blood pressure, which causes…

A

the release of aldosterone, which increases Na+ reabsorption in the nephron, leading to increased water reabsorption.

51
Q

Which of the following describes a negative feedback reaction?

A

LH stimulates the interstitial cell to produce testosterone, which inhibits the release of LH.

52
Q

Glucagon is produced in an organ and affects target cells that are in another part of the body. The organ of production and the location of the target cells are, respectively, which of the following?

A

pancreas and liver

53
Q

Two hormones that adjust body systems for short-term stress and long-term stress, respectively, are which of the following?

A

epinephrine and cortisol

54
Q

In times of stress, under the influence of cortisol, levels of amino acids increase in the blood. Why is this change beneficial as a response to stress?

A

The amino acids are converted to glucose by the liver, raising blood sugar, thereby providing more energy to deal with stress.

55
Q

Which of the following would be the result of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland?

A

a tendency not to gain weight, a warm peripheral body temperature, and a high energy level

56
Q

Identify a glucocorticoid released by the adrenal cortex.

A

cortisol

57
Q

Which one of the following choices signifies the beginning of menstruation?

A

FSH and LH secretions decrease and the corpus luteum deteriorates.

58
Q

A laboratory animal is accidentally given too much insulin and begins convulsing. What could you do to quickly return the animal to a normal blood sugar?

A

provide sugar in a fruit drink

59
Q

Cyclic Adenosine Monopoasphate (cyclic AMP)

A

Secondary chemical messenger that directs the synthesis of protein by ribosomes

60
Q

Thyroxine

A

iodine-containing hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, that increases the rate of body metabolism and regulates growth.

61
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

gland at the base of the brian that, together with the hypothalamus, functions as a control centre, coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems.

62
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone produced by the pancreas; when blood sugar levels are low; glucagon promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose.

63
Q

Diabetes

A

Chronic diseases that occurs when the body cannot produce any insulin or enough insulin, or is unable to use properly the insulin it does make.

64
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

found at the core of the adrenal gland, the adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.

65
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

outer region of the adrenal gland that produces glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

66
Q

glucocorticoids

A

various hormones, produced by the adrenal cortex, designed to help the body meet the demands of stress.

67
Q

Removing the adrenal medulla

A

The adrenal medulla can be surgically removed without any apparent ill effects. If the adrenal cortex removed, however, death would result.

68
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

hormones of the adrenal cortex important for regulation of salt-water balance.

69
Q

Prostaglandins

A

hormones that have pronounced effect in a small localized area.

70
Q

Anabolic Steroids

A

substances that are designed to mimic many of the muscle-building traits of the sex hormone testosterone.

71
Q

Testosterone

A

male sex hormone produced by the intersitial cells of the testes.

72
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

process by which spermtogonia divide and differentiate into mature sperm cells

73
Q

Gonadotropic Hormones

A

Hormones produced by the pituitary gland that regulate the functions of the testes in males and the overies in females.

74
Q

Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) - in males

A

in males, hormone that increases sperm production

75
Q

Iuteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

in males, hormone that regulates the production of testosterone

76
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A

Chemical messenger from the hypothalamus that stimulates secretions of FSH and LH from the pituitary.

77
Q

Follicles

A

structures in the ovary that contain the egg and secrete estrogen.

78
Q

Ovulation

A

release of the egg from the follicle held within the ovary

79
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

a mass of follicle cells that forms within the ovary after ovulation; secretes estrogen and progesterone

80
Q

Flow phase

A

phase of the menstrual cycle marked by shedding of the endometrium

81
Q

Follicular phase

A

phase marked by development of ovarian follicles before ovulation

82
Q

Estrogen

A

female sex hormone that activates the development of female secondary sex characteristics, including development of the breasts and body hair, and increased thickening of the endometrium.

83
Q

Luteal phase

A

phase of the menstural cycle characterized by the formation of the corpus luteum following ovulation

84
Q

Progesterone

A

female sex hormone produced by the ovaries that maintains uterine lining during pregnancy.

85
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - in females

A

in females, a gonadotropin that promotes the development of the follicles in the ovary.

86
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

in females, a gonadotropin that promates ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum.

Grade 12 Biology (19 decks)

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