chapter 7 & 8 & 9 Flashcards
describe the stages a child undergoes in relation to art from 3 - 6 years?
the preschematic stage: at the age of 3 they go from disordered scribbling to realizing art can represent smth else. at ages of 4 & 5 detail is added, telling stories and working out problems using art. at the age of 6, they use symbols to represent real things (called schemes). for example, the sun would be a circle with lines.
what is “schema” when talking about art?
a way of portraying an object
what functions does the left hemisphere of the brain deal with?
language, logic, math, analysis
what functions does the right hemisphere of the brain deal with?
intuition, creativity, art/music, spatial
when does preference of a hand appear?
ages 2 to 6
what is socio dramatic play?
when children play roles. this usually happens during preschool e.g playing house
what is rule governed play?
at 5/6 children like to play games that are governed e.g redlight greenlight or whoever smallest is baby
what stage are preschoolers in the cognitive development cycle? explain it
pre operational stage. can communicate and think with symbols. having difficulty with thinking logically
when is the concept of conservation developed?
5 or after
describe the concept of conservation
understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity
what is the false belief principle?
understanding that enables a child to look at a situation from another’s perspective to determine what info causes that person to have false belief
describe the Theories of Mind from age 4 to 7
at 4 one believes that each person’s actions are based on their representation of reality. at age 5 they can’t understand that people can think about them or that most knowledge is gained from inference. from 6/7 one can understand the reciprocal nature of thought
how to enhance theories of mind?
pretend play, shared thoughts with other children, discussing emotion provoking events with parents
what is metamemory?
knowledge about how memory works. being able to control and reflect on your memory function
what is metacognition?
knowing how the mind thinks and being able to control and reflect on your thought process
what is reinforcement in regard to language development?
using a word with an idea of what it could mean. using word often and then getting feedback to help determine accuracy of previous idea of what the word meant
what is invented spelling?
strategy used by children with good phonological awareness when writing. they spell out words based off the sounds
what is inflection?
additions that change a words meaning. for example go -> going
what is overregulatization?
using rules when they dont apply e.g goed instead of went
what is a complex sentence?
using conjunction to combine two ideas
what is numeracy?
ability to use numbers
in what stage of eriksons psychosocial development theory are preschoolers at? describe it
initiative vs guilt. begins with ability to plan leading to the wish to take initiative. balanced between child’s desire for autonomy and parents need to protect child and control their behaviour.
what is person perception?
ability to classify others according to age, gender, race, etc
what does attachment predict in a preschooler?
behaviours in terms if behavioural problems and positive relationships with preschool teacher etc
what are the 4 aspects of family functioning?
warmth/nurturance, clarity and consistency of rules, level of expectation, communication between parent and child. WCEC!!
what are the 4 parenting styles?
authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, uninvolved
describe authoritarian parenting
low nurturance and communication. high in control and maturity demands
describe permissive parenting
high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication
describe authoritative parenting
high in nurturance, maturity demands, control and communication
describe uninvolved parenting
low in nurturance, maturity demands, control and communication
what is the most common parenting style in canada? what is second?
authoritative is first. in second equally is authoritarian and permissive
what are the problems with identifying effective discipline strategies?
difficult to establish their effects and how intense and frequent they need to be
what are negative effects from non-intact families?
reduced financial and emotional resources. difficult transition - hard to monitor and control children. less likelihood of authoritative parenting
what is syncretism?
belief that if two events occur at the same time, one event caused the other
what is animism?
giving lifelike qualities to objects - saying a chair is mean for hitting you
what is centration (in regards to preschoolers)?
focusing on one characteristic of an object, ignoring others. (opposite of conservation)
what is the zone of proximal development? who created this concept?
what a learner can do with guidance (scaffolding). this concept was created by vygotsky
what is egocentric speech? who coined this term?
talking to oneself due to inability to see things from another p.o.v.. coined by piaget
what are the types of attention?
divided, selective, sustained
what is divided attention?
being able to switch focus between tasks/external stimuli
what is selective attention?
focusing on one task
what is sustained attention?
focusing on one thing for a long period of time
what is theory-theory?
child’s tendency to think of theories to explain everything they encounter
what is the looking-glass self?
using other’s judgement on ourselves to judge oneself
what is categorical self?
focusing on external qualities to describe oneself
what are the 4 qualities of empathy
listening, holding judgement, understanding emotions, communicating
describe the relation between SES (socioeconomic status) and parenting styles
no relationship: good parenting practices are common in all SES levels as are ineffective parenting
practices. however, children in lower SES are more likely to experience more risk factors and adding on ineffective parenting styles results in higher vulnerability
what is private speech?
inner speech
what is sensory memory?
first stage of memory system, stores sensory input in raw form for brief duration until it is processed
what is working memory?
first stage of memory system, aka short term memory.
