Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

health sci 2700 > chapter 4 & 5 & 6 > Flashcards

chapter 4 & 5 & 6 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the growth an infant undergoes within a year?

A

triple in body weight and grows 25-30 cm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why is sleep important to the growth process?

A

because hormones important for growth released during then

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why is the head proportionally large during infancy?

A

to hold nearly full sized brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what can be said about the neurons and dendrites present during birth?

A

most of the neurons are present but dendrites (connections between neurons) will undergo dramatic growth in next several years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is synaptogenesis? what is it followed by?

A

creation of synapses. followed by a period of synaptic pruning to
make nervous system more efficient - removal of unnecessary neural pathways to strengthen needed ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does myelin do?

A

insulates axons and improves rate of conductivity. ultimately improving coordination, control of movement, and thought processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the two types of reflexes? do they last until later years?

A

adaptive (some persist thru out life) and primitive (disappears by 6 months).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are some common reflexes an infant would have?

A

sucking, rooting, moro, babinski, grasp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe the rooting reflex

A

opening mouth and turning head towards source when cheek is touched softly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe the grasp reflex

A

fingers grip anything that touches palm of hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the babinski reflex

A

stroking sole of infant feet cause toes to fan out and curl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the moro reflex

A

infant spread out arms and legs and then back in after hearing a sudden noise or when loss of support for their head/neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the hypothesis behind the reason of the moro reflex?

A

to help baby cling to mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how often do newborns sleep?

A

80% of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the different cries and how do they sound?

A

a basic cry signals hunger. a louder and more intense cry is for anger. and abrupt crying is pain!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

between girls and boys, who has faster motor development in infancy?

A

girls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the best form of infant nutrient?

A

breastmilk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when should exclusive breastfeeding be performed?

A

first 4-6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how long is breastfeeding recommended for by WHO?

A

first 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the pincer grip? when do babies start to use?

A

a grip using a finger and a thumb. babies start to use their thumb at around 9 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is most poorly developed sense at birth?

A

vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the leading cause of death in infants (from birth to a year)?

A

SIDS. sudden infant death syndrome which usually occurs in their sleep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how does one reduce the risk of SIDS?

A

sleeping on hard surface, near parent, smoke free environment, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe an infant’s hearing

A

sensitive to the frequencies of sound in human speech and prefer infant directed speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what flavours do newborns show a preference for?

A

sweet flavours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is colustrum?

A

breastmilk produced during pregnancy and just after birth. veryy rich in nutrients and antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

when does breastmilk become thinner? (when does colustrum production stop?)

A

by 3rd or 5th day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does breastfeeding do for a mother?

A

stimulates contractions in uterus to regain its normal size. prevents cancer, diabetes, and arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

when is it recommended to introduce babies to solid food?

A

at around 6 months.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is an infants best developed sense?

A

touch/motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

when do teeth generally begin to appear?

A

at around 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what stage are infants at in piaget’s cognitive theory?

A

at the sensorimotor stage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

when does the reflex stage occur in the sensorimotor stage?

A

0-1 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

when does the primary circular reaction of the sensorimotor stage occur?

A

1-4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

describe primary circular reaction of the sensorimotor stage

A

coordinating sensation and new schemas. baby will repeat actions they find pleasurable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

when does the secondary circular reaction of the sensorimotor stage occur?

A

4-8 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

when does the tertiary circular reaction of the sensorimotor stage occur?

A

12-18months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

when does the coordination of secondary schemes of the sensorimotor stage occur?

A

8-12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

when does the beginning of mental representation in the sensorimotor stage occur?

A

18-24 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

describe secondary circular reaction of the sensorimotor stage

A

baby becomes more aware of things outside their body. may repeat action to trigger response. beginning to understand object permanence. may imitate observed behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

describe coordination of secondary schemes of the sensorimotor stage

A

baby may combine two schemes for desired effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

describe tertiary circular reaction of the sensorimotor stage

A

experimentation. infant tries new playing or diff ways of manipulating objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

describe the beginning of mental representation in the sensorimotor stage

A

use of symbols. will understand symbol is different from actual object

44
Q

describe an infants language capabilities in months 2-3

A

cooing and smiling

45
Q

describe an infants language capabilities in months 4-5

A

vowels and consonant sounds with their cooing

46
Q

describe an infants language capabilities in months 6

A

babbles and says different sounds of all languages

47
Q

describe an infants language capabilities in months 8-9

A

focuses on sounds, rhythm, and intonation

48
Q

describe an infants language capabilities in months 12

A

expressive language emerges. says single words

49
Q

describe an infants language capabilities in months 12-18

A

word/gesture combinations.

50
Q

describe an infants language capabilities in months 18-20

A

telegraphic speech (two words, brief, etc)

51
Q

what is the attachment theory? what theory does this relate to?

A

ability and need to form an attachment relationship early in life is genetic characteristic of humans. relations to erikson’s social theory stage trust vs mistrust and freud’s oral stage

52
Q

what are the types of attachment?

A

secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized

53
Q

describe secure attachment

A

infants are less fussy and enjoy physical contact

54
Q

describe avoidant attachment

A

infant avoids contact. has no preference for parent over others

55
Q

describe ambivalent attachment

A

upset when separated from parent. not reassured by parent’s return or comfort

56
Q

describe disorganized attachment

A

shows contradictory behaviour. moving toward parent while looking away

57
Q

compare personality and temperament

A

temperament is inborn predisposition forming the foundation of personality which is a pattern of responding to people and objects in environment

58
Q

describe the physical development of a toddler

A

gain 5-8 cm and gain 2.7kg in weight each year until adolescence

59
Q

describe the growth of a child’s motor activity

A

grows linearly and peaks at 7-9 years

60
Q

what has exposure to tv been linked to?

A

delayed language development, behaviour problems, affected social development, attention disorders, increase in BMI, etc

61
Q

what did vygotsky believe in regard to a child’s development?

A

occurred thru their immediate social interactions and the moved to individual level when they internalize their learning

62
Q

what is holophrastic speech?

A

when infants at 12/13 months use partial words. for example ju instead of juice

63
Q

what is overextention?

A

when a child uses a term for more than what it is meant for. for example, calling all animals doggie

64
Q

what is underextension?

A

when a child uses general word for only one. for example only calling their dog, doggie.

65
Q

what are types of long term memory?

A

explicit and implicit

66
Q

describe implicit memory

A

procedures for completing action

67
Q

describe explicit memory

A

involves memory of facts, concepts, and events

68
Q

what are the types of explicit memory? briefly describe

A

semantic (facts) and episodic (personal info including events)

69
Q

in the absence of _______, short term memory can be forgotten

A

rehersal. once consolidated it becomes longterm

70
Q

what are the dimensions of temperament?

A

activity level, approach/positive emotionality, inhibition (withdrawal from new situations? shyness), negative emotionality (low threshold for frustration), effort control/task persistence (ability to focus)

71
Q

what does the departure of significant others cause in a child?

A

separation anxiety

72
Q

what is fear associated with presence of stranger?

A

stranger wariness

73
Q

what are the two categories of emotions? give examples and explain

A

basic (happiness, anger, fear, disgust) and self-conscious (envy, pride, shame, guilty). self conscious emotions need social instruction on when to feel etc

74
Q

what is a secure base?

A

parental presence that gives child sense of safety allowing them to explore surroundings

75
Q

whats the most common adverse childhood experience?

A

intimate partner violence followed by physical abuse

76
Q

the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties is called?

A

resilience

77
Q

what is constructive play? around when does it occur?

A

children using objects to build things. at age 2

78
Q

what is first pretend play?

A

using objects for unintended purposes or pretending. for example, broom as horse. or pretending to drink from empty cup

79
Q

what is fast mapping?

A

linking words to what they refer to irl

80
Q

what is phonological awareness?

A

understanding sound patterns. primarily develop through nursery rhymes and games

81
Q

what is solitary play? when does it occur?

A

playing by themselves at all ages

82
Q

what is parallel play? when does it occur?

A

play by themselves but beside another person. occurs 14-18 months

83
Q

what is associative play? when does it occur?

A

play by themselves using same things as another person. will interact. occurs at 18 months

84
Q

what is cooperative play? when does it occur?

A

play with each other and with shared goal. occurs at 3-4 years

85
Q

when does physical aggression peak?

A

at 2 years

86
Q

what is prosocial behaviour? when evident?

A

intended to help another. evident between 2-3 years

87
Q

what are the 5 personality traits?

A

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness (OCANE)

88
Q

describe openness

A

curiosity and creativity

89
Q

describe conscientiousness

A

dependability and organized

90
Q

describe agreeableness

A

helpful nature and trusting

91
Q

describe neuroticism

A

predisposition to psychological stress

92
Q

describe extraversion

A

tendency to seek company

93
Q

what are the 6 domains of resilience

A

collaboration, vision, composure, tenacity, health, reasoning (CVCTHR)

94
Q

what is neuroplasticity?

A

brain’s ability to reorganize neural pathways and connections

95
Q

what is egocentrism?

A

belief that everyone sees the world as you do. usually until the age of 2/3

96
Q

what is theories of the mind?

A

ability to think about other’s thoughts etc.

97
Q

in erikson’s theory, what stage are toddlers at?

A

autonomy vs shame doubt

98
Q

what is gender identity?

A

ability to correctly label oneself and others
as males or female

99
Q

what is gender stability?

A

understanding that gender is a stable, lifelong characteristic

100
Q

why are babies with lower birth weight more vulnerable to disease?

A

they have fewer heart cells, insulin making cells, etc

101
Q

can the effects of low/high birth weight pass on to the next generation?

A

yes!

102
Q

what are the results of attachment?

A

more empathetic, emotional maturity, more sociable, less dependency on teachers, more positive behaviours, less aggressive behaviours

103
Q

what are the characteristics of attachment?

A

emotional responsiveness, marital status/SES (socioeconomic status), mental health

104
Q

how does exposure to adversity (ACES) affect the brains of developing children?

A

affects the pleasure and reward system of the brain that is involved in substance dependence, inhibits prefrontal cortex which is necessary for impulse control and learning, the amygdala which is the fear response center. this causes them to be more likely to engage in high risk behaviour

105
Q

kids with higher motor activity level are…?

A

better able to control or inhibit their behaviors

106
Q

what is concentration in regard to toddlers?

A

thinking of the world one variable at a time

health sci 2700 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions