chapter 4 & 5 & 6 Flashcards
describe the growth an infant undergoes within a year?
triple in body weight and grows 25-30 cm.
why is sleep important to the growth process?
because hormones important for growth released during then
why is the head proportionally large during infancy?
to hold nearly full sized brain
what can be said about the neurons and dendrites present during birth?
most of the neurons are present but dendrites (connections between neurons) will undergo dramatic growth in next several years
what is synaptogenesis? what is it followed by?
creation of synapses. followed by a period of synaptic pruning to
make nervous system more efficient - removal of unnecessary neural pathways to strengthen needed ones
what does myelin do?
insulates axons and improves rate of conductivity. ultimately improving coordination, control of movement, and thought processes.
what are the two types of reflexes? do they last until later years?
adaptive (some persist thru out life) and primitive (disappears by 6 months).
what are some common reflexes an infant would have?
sucking, rooting, moro, babinski, grasp
describe the rooting reflex
opening mouth and turning head towards source when cheek is touched softly
describe the grasp reflex
fingers grip anything that touches palm of hand
describe the babinski reflex
stroking sole of infant feet cause toes to fan out and curl
describe the moro reflex
infant spread out arms and legs and then back in after hearing a sudden noise or when loss of support for their head/neck
what is the hypothesis behind the reason of the moro reflex?
to help baby cling to mother
how often do newborns sleep?
80% of the time
what are the different cries and how do they sound?
a basic cry signals hunger. a louder and more intense cry is for anger. and abrupt crying is pain!
between girls and boys, who has faster motor development in infancy?
girls
what is the best form of infant nutrient?
breastmilk
when should exclusive breastfeeding be performed?
first 4-6 months
how long is breastfeeding recommended for by WHO?
first 2 years
what is the pincer grip? when do babies start to use?
a grip using a finger and a thumb. babies start to use their thumb at around 9 months
what is most poorly developed sense at birth?
vision
what is the leading cause of death in infants (from birth to a year)?
SIDS. sudden infant death syndrome which usually occurs in their sleep.
how does one reduce the risk of SIDS?
sleeping on hard surface, near parent, smoke free environment, etc
describe an infant’s hearing
sensitive to the frequencies of sound in human speech and prefer infant directed speech
what flavours do newborns show a preference for?
sweet flavours
what is colustrum?
breastmilk produced during pregnancy and just after birth. veryy rich in nutrients and antibodies
when does breastmilk become thinner? (when does colustrum production stop?)
by 3rd or 5th day
what does breastfeeding do for a mother?
stimulates contractions in uterus to regain its normal size. prevents cancer, diabetes, and arthritis
when is it recommended to introduce babies to solid food?
at around 6 months.
what is an infants best developed sense?
touch/motion
when do teeth generally begin to appear?
at around 6 months
what stage are infants at in piaget’s cognitive theory?
at the sensorimotor stage.
when does the reflex stage occur in the sensorimotor stage?
0-1 months
when does the primary circular reaction of the sensorimotor stage occur?
1-4 months
describe primary circular reaction of the sensorimotor stage
coordinating sensation and new schemas. baby will repeat actions they find pleasurable
when does the secondary circular reaction of the sensorimotor stage occur?
4-8 months
when does the tertiary circular reaction of the sensorimotor stage occur?
12-18months
when does the coordination of secondary schemes of the sensorimotor stage occur?
8-12 months
when does the beginning of mental representation in the sensorimotor stage occur?
18-24 months
describe secondary circular reaction of the sensorimotor stage
baby becomes more aware of things outside their body. may repeat action to trigger response. beginning to understand object permanence. may imitate observed behaviour
describe coordination of secondary schemes of the sensorimotor stage
baby may combine two schemes for desired effect
describe tertiary circular reaction of the sensorimotor stage
experimentation. infant tries new playing or diff ways of manipulating objects
describe the beginning of mental representation in the sensorimotor stage
use of symbols. will understand symbol is different from actual object
describe an infants language capabilities in months 2-3
cooing and smiling
describe an infants language capabilities in months 4-5
vowels and consonant sounds with their cooing
describe an infants language capabilities in months 6
babbles and says different sounds of all languages
describe an infants language capabilities in months 8-9
focuses on sounds, rhythm, and intonation
describe an infants language capabilities in months 12
expressive language emerges. says single words
describe an infants language capabilities in months 12-18
word/gesture combinations.
describe an infants language capabilities in months 18-20
telegraphic speech (two words, brief, etc)
what is the attachment theory? what theory does this relate to?
ability and need to form an attachment relationship early in life is genetic characteristic of humans. relations to erikson’s social theory stage trust vs mistrust and freud’s oral stage
what are the types of attachment?
secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized
describe secure attachment
infants are less fussy and enjoy physical contact
describe avoidant attachment
infant avoids contact. has no preference for parent over others
describe ambivalent attachment
upset when separated from parent. not reassured by parent’s return or comfort
describe disorganized attachment
shows contradictory behaviour. moving toward parent while looking away
compare personality and temperament
temperament is inborn predisposition forming the foundation of personality which is a pattern of responding to people and objects in environment
describe the physical development of a toddler
gain 5-8 cm and gain 2.7kg in weight each year until adolescence
describe the growth of a child’s motor activity
grows linearly and peaks at 7-9 years
what has exposure to tv been linked to?
delayed language development, behaviour problems, affected social development, attention disorders, increase in BMI, etc
what did vygotsky believe in regard to a child’s development?
occurred thru their immediate social interactions and the moved to individual level when they internalize their learning
what is holophrastic speech?
when infants at 12/13 months use partial words. for example ju instead of juice
what is overextention?
when a child uses a term for more than what it is meant for. for example, calling all animals doggie
what is underextension?
when a child uses general word for only one. for example only calling their dog, doggie.
what are types of long term memory?
explicit and implicit
describe implicit memory
procedures for completing action
describe explicit memory
involves memory of facts, concepts, and events
what are the types of explicit memory? briefly describe
semantic (facts) and episodic (personal info including events)
in the absence of _______, short term memory can be forgotten
rehersal. once consolidated it becomes longterm
what are the dimensions of temperament?
activity level, approach/positive emotionality, inhibition (withdrawal from new situations? shyness), negative emotionality (low threshold for frustration), effort control/task persistence (ability to focus)
what does the departure of significant others cause in a child?
separation anxiety
what is fear associated with presence of stranger?
stranger wariness
what are the two categories of emotions? give examples and explain
basic (happiness, anger, fear, disgust) and self-conscious (envy, pride, shame, guilty). self conscious emotions need social instruction on when to feel etc
what is a secure base?
parental presence that gives child sense of safety allowing them to explore surroundings
whats the most common adverse childhood experience?
intimate partner violence followed by physical abuse
the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties is called?
resilience
what is constructive play? around when does it occur?
children using objects to build things. at age 2
what is first pretend play?
using objects for unintended purposes or pretending. for example, broom as horse. or pretending to drink from empty cup
what is fast mapping?
linking words to what they refer to irl
what is phonological awareness?
understanding sound patterns. primarily develop through nursery rhymes and games
what is solitary play? when does it occur?
playing by themselves at all ages
what is parallel play? when does it occur?
play by themselves but beside another person. occurs 14-18 months
what is associative play? when does it occur?
play by themselves using same things as another person. will interact. occurs at 18 months
what is cooperative play? when does it occur?
play with each other and with shared goal. occurs at 3-4 years
when does physical aggression peak?
at 2 years
what is prosocial behaviour? when evident?
intended to help another. evident between 2-3 years
what are the 5 personality traits?
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness (OCANE)
describe openness
curiosity and creativity
describe conscientiousness
dependability and organized
describe agreeableness
helpful nature and trusting
describe neuroticism
predisposition to psychological stress
describe extraversion
tendency to seek company
what are the 6 domains of resilience
collaboration, vision, composure, tenacity, health, reasoning (CVCTHR)
what is neuroplasticity?
brain’s ability to reorganize neural pathways and connections
what is egocentrism?
belief that everyone sees the world as you do. usually until the age of 2/3
what is theories of the mind?
ability to think about other’s thoughts etc.
in erikson’s theory, what stage are toddlers at?
autonomy vs shame doubt
what is gender identity?
ability to correctly label oneself and others
as males or female
what is gender stability?
understanding that gender is a stable, lifelong characteristic
why are babies with lower birth weight more vulnerable to disease?
they have fewer heart cells, insulin making cells, etc
can the effects of low/high birth weight pass on to the next generation?
yes!
what are the results of attachment?
more empathetic, emotional maturity, more sociable, less dependency on teachers, more positive behaviours, less aggressive behaviours
what are the characteristics of attachment?
emotional responsiveness, marital status/SES (socioeconomic status), mental health
how does exposure to adversity (ACES) affect the brains of developing children?
affects the pleasure and reward system of the brain that is involved in substance dependence, inhibits prefrontal cortex which is necessary for impulse control and learning, the amygdala which is the fear response center. this causes them to be more likely to engage in high risk behaviour
kids with higher motor activity level are…?
better able to control or inhibit their behaviors
what is concentration in regard to toddlers?
thinking of the world one variable at a time
