chapter 2 & 3 Flashcards
what is ama? is it common?
advanced maternal age which is 35 years. yes it is becoming increasingly common
what does ama lead to?
increase in assisted human reproductive techniques such as fertility drugs, artificial insemination, and cryopreservation (freezing of embryo)
what are the timeframes for the trimesters of pregnancy?
first trimester is from zygote implantation to 12 weeks. second trimester is from 12 to 24 weeks - you can feel fetus moving. third trimester is 25 weeks and beyond - increased emotional attachment to fetus
how is malnutrition in the first trimester an issue in canada?
due to morning sickness
what is hyperemesis gravidarum?
extreme/persistent nausea and severe vomiting. morning sickness is mild!
when does miscarriage occur - if it does?
within 13 to 20 weeks
when can premature labour occur?
from 21 weeks
what is preclampsia? what causes it? how to cure? what are symptoms?
serious blood pressure condition due to development of abnormal placenta. only treatment is delivery of the baby. symptoms include extra protein in urine and kidney problems and problems in other organs
what is the age of viability in ontario? compare it to before. what is the association of this with medical conditions?
now 23 weeks! the age of viability has DECREASED since earlier times due to medical intervention. it has lead to an increase in kids with medical conditions since more kids are born premature
when can fetal movements be felt by the mother?
2nd trimester
when can the baby respond to the mother’s voice and loud noises?
13 to 16 weeks
when does the baby gain vernix? what is it even?
vernix is an oily substance which protects their skin. it is gained in 21 to 24 weeks
when does the baby move to a head down position in the prenatal development?
33-36 weeks
when does the baby gain antibodies from their mother?
28 to 32 weeks
when does the baby experience rapid growth?
28 to 32 weeks
compare female fetuses to male fetuses
females are more sensitive to external stimulation and advance more rapidly in skeletal development. males are vulnerable to all kinds of prenatal problems and more likely to have birth defects
what are some teratogens?
obesity in the mother, alcohol, smoking, depression, and anxiety
what is the leading cause of developmental disabilities in children?
fetal alcohol syndrome
how does smoking affect the fetus?
damage to brain and lung development
what is the average birth weight?
8.7 pounds
what is considered to be low birth weight?
5.8 to 8 pounds
when does intrapartum care occur?
during labour and delivery
what is the diff between ob and midwives?
midwives only deal with normal single baby deliveries
how many stages of labour are there? describe them
- in the first, uterus muscles tighten (contraction) and relax - this helps open the cervix so baby can pass thru birth canal. in the second, cervix is dilated to 10cm and baby born. in the third, contractions until placenta is delivered too. in the fourth, first few hours after birth - includes breastfeeding etc
what is anoxia? when does it occur? what can it lead to?
oxygen deprivation of baby. occurs during/after birth. can lead to death or brain damage
what does genotype refer to?
sum total of all genes inherited
what is bidirectional interplay between nature and nurture called?
the epigenetic framework
what can be said about serious dominant gene linked diseases?
tend to be asymptomatic until later in life
what are the periods of prenatal development?
germinal, embryonic, and fetal
whats the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?
mono is when fertilized egg splits in the first two weeks of development. di is when two eggs are released and fertilized by 2 diff sperm.
what are the types of teratogens?
physical, metabolic conditions affecting pregnant females (eg being malnourished), infections, drugs/chemicals
if untreated what can gestational diabetes lead to for the baby?
premature birth, stillbirth, breathing problems, and jaundice. for the mother it can lead to preclampsia
what is Rh? what are the risks of a mother who is Rh negative have on the baby?
it is a protein found in blood. Rh negative leads to the risk of the baby having Rh disease, a from of anemia. this can lead to jaundice, heart failure, brain dmg, and death
what is a spontaneous abortion?
when body aborts due to chromosomal abnormalities
what is fetal distress?
babies can go into this during birth process. it is a sudden change in fetal heart rate.
why would one prefer a “at home” birth?
natural birth, avoiding roadside birth, water birth, minimal intervention, fear of negative hospital experience
what does low birth weight lead to?
negative effects on mental and motor development which subside. however the growth effects remain
when does childbirth typically occur?… unless?
within a week of due date. unless woman pregnant with more than one fetus, then shell go into labour earlier
what is a common sign labour is beginning?
“bloody show” where a plug of mucus will block the entrance to the uterus, in the cervical canal. the plug will lose and expel blood with it 1-2 days before onset of labour
when do real labour pains increase? (what is one way to distinguish between this and other contractions)
real labour pains increase with walking while false labour contractions diminish
what is the sac of water that the fetus is suspended in called?
amniotic sac
how long does it take a baby to pass thru the birth canal?
10 to 40 mins
how often is an epidural used in hospital deliveries?
more than 50% of women use an epidural
how often are c sections performed?
1/3 women
how is a newborn assessed?
using the apgar test. appearance (colour), pulse (heart rate), grimace (reflex response), activity (muscle tone), respiration
how much weight does an infant lose in the first few days of life? why?
around 5% as they eliminate waste and get used to feeding
what is the fine downy body hair that covers some newborns?
lanugo
what is the type of care before birth?
prenatal care
what is the type of care during birth?
intrapartum
what is the type of care following birth?
postpartum
what is eclampsia?
preeclampsia + seizures
