chapter 2 & 3

Question 1

what is ama? is it common?

Answer 1

advanced maternal age which is 35 years. yes it is becoming increasingly common

Question 2

what does ama lead to?

Answer 2

increase in assisted human reproductive techniques such as fertility drugs, artificial insemination, and cryopreservation (freezing of embryo)

Question 3

what are the timeframes for the trimesters of pregnancy?

Answer 3

first trimester is from zygote implantation to 12 weeks. second trimester is from 12 to 24 weeks - you can feel fetus moving. third trimester is 25 weeks and beyond - increased emotional attachment to fetus

Question 4

how is malnutrition in the first trimester an issue in canada?

Answer 4

due to morning sickness

Question 5

what is hyperemesis gravidarum?

Answer 5

extreme/persistent nausea and severe vomiting. morning sickness is mild!

Question 6

when does miscarriage occur - if it does?

Answer 6

within 13 to 20 weeks

Question 7

when can premature labour occur?

Answer 7

from 21 weeks

Question 8

what is preclampsia? what causes it? how to cure? what are symptoms?

Answer 8

serious blood pressure condition due to development of abnormal placenta. only treatment is delivery of the baby. symptoms include extra protein in urine and kidney problems and problems in other organs

Question 9

what is the age of viability in ontario? compare it to before. what is the association of this with medical conditions?

Answer 9

now 23 weeks! the age of viability has DECREASED since earlier times due to medical intervention. it has lead to an increase in kids with medical conditions since more kids are born premature

Question 10

when can fetal movements be felt by the mother?

Answer 10

2nd trimester

Question 11

when can the baby respond to the mother’s voice and loud noises?

Answer 11

13 to 16 weeks

Question 12

when does the baby gain vernix? what is it even?

Answer 12

vernix is an oily substance which protects their skin. it is gained in 21 to 24 weeks

Question 13

when does the baby move to a head down position in the prenatal development?

Answer 13

33-36 weeks

Question 14

when does the baby gain antibodies from their mother?

Answer 14

28 to 32 weeks

Question 15

when does the baby experience rapid growth?

Answer 15

28 to 32 weeks

Question 16

compare female fetuses to male fetuses

Answer 16

females are more sensitive to external stimulation and advance more rapidly in skeletal development. males are vulnerable to all kinds of prenatal problems and more likely to have birth defects

Question 17

what are some teratogens?

Answer 17

obesity in the mother, alcohol, smoking, depression, and anxiety

Question 18

what is the leading cause of developmental disabilities in children?

Answer 18

fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 19

how does smoking affect the fetus?

Answer 19

damage to brain and lung development

Question 20

what is the average birth weight?

Answer 20

8.7 pounds

Question 21

what is considered to be low birth weight?

Answer 21

5.8 to 8 pounds

Question 22

when does intrapartum care occur?

Answer 22

during labour and delivery

Question 23

what is the diff between ob and midwives?

Answer 23

midwives only deal with normal single baby deliveries

Question 24

how many stages of labour are there? describe them

Answer 24

4. in the first, uterus muscles tighten (contraction) and relax - this helps open the cervix so baby can pass thru birth canal. in the second, cervix is dilated to 10cm and baby born. in the third, contractions until placenta is delivered too. in the fourth, first few hours after birth - includes breastfeeding etc

Question 25

what is anoxia? when does it occur? what can it lead to?

Answer 25

oxygen deprivation of baby. occurs during/after birth. can lead to death or brain damage

Question 26

what does genotype refer to?

Answer 26

sum total of all genes inherited

Question 27

what is bidirectional interplay between nature and nurture called?

Answer 27

the epigenetic framework

Question 28

what can be said about serious dominant gene linked diseases?

Answer 28

tend to be asymptomatic until later in life

Question 29

what are the periods of prenatal development?

Answer 29

germinal, embryonic, and fetal

Question 30

whats the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

Answer 30

mono is when fertilized egg splits in the first two weeks of development. di is when two eggs are released and fertilized by 2 diff sperm.

Question 31

what are the types of teratogens?

Answer 31

physical, metabolic conditions affecting pregnant females (eg being malnourished), infections, drugs/chemicals

Question 32

if untreated what can gestational diabetes lead to for the baby?

Answer 32

premature birth, stillbirth, breathing problems, and jaundice. for the mother it can lead to preclampsia

Question 33

what is Rh? what are the risks of a mother who is Rh negative have on the baby?

Answer 33

it is a protein found in blood. Rh negative leads to the risk of the baby having Rh disease, a from of anemia. this can lead to jaundice, heart failure, brain dmg, and death

Question 34

what is a spontaneous abortion?

Answer 34

when body aborts due to chromosomal abnormalities

Question 35

what is fetal distress?

Answer 35

babies can go into this during birth process. it is a sudden change in fetal heart rate.

Question 36

why would one prefer a "at home" birth?

Answer 36

natural birth, avoiding roadside birth, water birth, minimal intervention, fear of negative hospital experience

Question 37

what does low birth weight lead to?

Answer 37

negative effects on mental and motor development which subside. however the growth effects remain

Question 38

when does childbirth typically occur?... unless?

Answer 38

within a week of due date. unless woman pregnant with more than one fetus, then shell go into labour earlier

Question 39

what is a common sign labour is beginning?

Answer 39

"bloody show" where a plug of mucus will block the entrance to the uterus, in the cervical canal. the plug will lose and expel blood with it 1-2 days before onset of labour

Question 40

when do real labour pains increase? (what is one way to distinguish between this and other contractions)

Answer 40

real labour pains increase with walking while false labour contractions diminish

Question 41

what is the sac of water that the fetus is suspended in called?

Answer 41

amniotic sac

Question 42

how long does it take a baby to pass thru the birth canal?

Answer 42

10 to 40 mins

Question 43

how often is an epidural used in hospital deliveries?

Answer 43

more than 50% of women use an epidural

Question 44

how often are c sections performed?

Answer 44

1/3 women

Question 45

how is a newborn assessed?

Answer 45

using the apgar test. appearance (colour), pulse (heart rate), grimace (reflex response), activity (muscle tone), respiration

Question 46

how much weight does an infant lose in the first few days of life? why?

Answer 46

around 5% as they eliminate waste and get used to feeding

Question 47

what is the fine downy body hair that covers some newborns?

Answer 47

lanugo

Question 48

what is the type of care before birth?

Answer 48

prenatal care

Question 49

what is the type of care during birth?

Answer 49

intrapartum

Question 50

what is the type of care following birth?

Answer 50

postpartum

Question 51

what is eclampsia?

Answer 51

preeclampsia + seizures