chapter 1 Flashcards
what are the three domains of development we experience change across?
physical, cognitive, and social/emotional domain
how do developmentalists break down the periods of developments? include years
prenatal development includes conception thru birth. infancy and toddlerhood includes birth thru two years. early childhood includes 3 to 5 years. middle childhood includes 6 to 11 years. adolescences includes 12 to adulthood.
when during development do children gain a sense of self and independence?
early childhood
when during development do children start comparing themselves and competing with others?
middle childhood
what are stage theories?
discontinuous development that assume development goes thru qualitative distinct stages in a sequence - one goes thru them all
name the three theorists discussed in this unit
theorists include freud, erikson, piaget
what do behaviourists believe?
development is a more slow gradual process, also known as continuous development.
name the behaviourists discussed in class
pavlov, watson, skinner, bandura, vygotsky
what did bronfenbrenner contribute?
created an ecological system model explaining direct and indirect influences on an individual’s development
what are the systems in bronfenbrenner’s model? name them in order!
microsystems, mesosytems, exosystems, macrosystems, chronosystems
what is a microsystem? give an example
what impacts a child directly. includes parents, peers, teachers
what is a mesosytem? give an example
interactions between those surround the individual. for example, relationship between parents and school
what is an exosystem? give an example and explain how it affects an individual
larger institutions such as mass media and healthcare. they impact parents, peers, and schools who follow policies and regulations from these insitutions
what is a macrosystem? explain how it affects an individual
cultural values and beliefs. these ideals inform institutions that will ultimately impact individual
what is a chronosystem? explain
historical context. time. values change over time as well as policies and government.
how were behaviourists different from theorists?
they views humans as more passive in their own development
what is confirmation bias?
when we tend to look for info/evidence that supports our belief and ignore contradictory evidence
how many groups are in an experiment? what are they called?
- the experimental group and the controlled group
what is longitudinal research?
begins with group of people the same age and background. measured repeatedly over long period of time
what is cross sectional research?
begins with sample that vary in age, ethnicity, and social class. only measured once
what is sequential research?
a mix of longitudinal and cross sectional research. people of different background measured over time
what is a theory?
it a proposed explanation. also helps guide and interpret research findings - serves as a blueprint/model
what is sigmund freud’s theory called? what did he suggest?
called the psychosexual theory. parents and other caregivers have a long lasting impact
who suggested the three parts of the self? what are the parts? describe them
sigmund freud. there is the ID which responds to biological urges - a newborn is all id. there is the ego which is guided by logic and is developed thru interactions with others. the ego works between the two other parts. there is the superego which is guided by sense of guilt.
what are the stages of the psychosexual theory of development?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
when is the oral stage?
lasts from birth until age 2.
when is anal stage? what can a fixation here can lead to? what happens here?
from 2-3 years of age. fixation can lead to one whos compulsively clean or sloppy and lacks self control. ego develops in this stage
when is the phallic stage? what happens here? what can fixation here lead to?
from ages 3 - 7. superego develops. sense of masculinity/femininity develops too. fixation leads to vanity/recklessness or the opposite
when is the latency stage? what happens here?
from ages 7-11. focuses on friendship. ego and superego refined. learns how to cooperate and negotiate
when is the genital stage?
begins with puberty and continues into adulthood
what is erik erikson’s theory called? what did he suggest? what is different about this compared to freuds?
psychosocial theory. society’s expectations and our relationships motivate most of our behaviour while we are aware. in this theory, stages/crises can occur more than once
what are the stages of the psychosocial theory of development?
trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair
what did ivan pavlov contribute?
he studied salivation and dogs. he introduced terms such as classical conditioning. in his study, what changed was the stimulus and not the response.
what did john B. watson contribute?
he believed that most of our fears and emotional responses are classically conditioned. he used a study with kids and rats.
what did B.F. skinner contribute?
suggested that reinforcement is more effective than punishment is when encouraging a behaviour. introduced the term operant conditioning which is when the consequences of a behaviour increase/decrease likelihood of it occurring again.
what did albert bandura contribute?
the social learning theory. he performed the bobo doll experiment. how our behaviour is learned by watching others. he also introduced vicarious reinforcement. he also believed that we influence our surroundings as much as it influences us
what is jean piaget’s theory called? explain it
theory of cognitive development. he believed there was a need for a cognitive equilibrium. we may alter experience to fit what we understand or we change our thoughts to fit. he uses the term schema which is categories of knowledge. and assimilation is when we compare new things to things we are familiar with. accommodation is when we make a new schema.
what are the stages of the cognitive development theory?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal
what is the sensorimotor stage?
from birth until 2 years. hands on. children rely on senses and motor skills
what is the preoperational stage?
from 2 to 7. they think bout the world using symbols (language, gestures, etc)
what is the concrete operational stage?
from 7 to 11. think logically bout the physical world. understand cause and effects, distance, size, etc
what is the formal operational stage?
at age 12. think logically bout concrete and abstract events.
what did vygotsky contribute?
he believed that people had sets of abilities AND potentials. they can learn with assistance - what he calls scaffolding.
what did carl rogers contribute?
he focused on the capacity of each person to become a fully functioning person without guilt or distorting defenses
list in order maslows hierarchy of needs
physiological, safety, love & belonging, esteem, self actualization
what is the information processing theory? describe it
it compares the brain to a computer. sensory info -> short term -> long term
what is ethology?
genetic survival behaviours that evolved thru natural selection
what is behaviour genetics?
traits influenced by genes
what is evolutionary psychology?
genetically inherited cognitive social traits have evolved thru natural selection
what is evolutionary developmental psychology?
when genetically inherited cognitive and social characteristics promote survival and adaptation
what is humanistic alternative?
internal drive to achieve one’s full potential - self actualization
what is schema?
categories of knowledge
what is assimilation?
when we compare new things to things we are familiar with
what is accomodation?
when we make a new schema
what is equilibration?
balancing assimilation and accommodation to make schemes to fit the environment
what is the complexity theory?
came from the ecological system theory. emphasizes interactions and feedback loops that change the systems
what is vicarious reinforcement?
behaviours that are promoted when one sees it pay off for another.
what is epigenetics?
study of changes in gene expression – not genetic code
what do epigenetic markers do?
regulate gene expression by turning genes on and off
