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health sci 2700 > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three domains of development we experience change across?

A

physical, cognitive, and social/emotional domain

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2
Q

how do developmentalists break down the periods of developments? include years

A

prenatal development includes conception thru birth. infancy and toddlerhood includes birth thru two years. early childhood includes 3 to 5 years. middle childhood includes 6 to 11 years. adolescences includes 12 to adulthood.

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3
Q

when during development do children gain a sense of self and independence?

A

early childhood

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4
Q

when during development do children start comparing themselves and competing with others?

A

middle childhood

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5
Q

what are stage theories?

A

discontinuous development that assume development goes thru qualitative distinct stages in a sequence - one goes thru them all

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6
Q

name the three theorists discussed in this unit

A

theorists include freud, erikson, piaget

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7
Q

what do behaviourists believe?

A

development is a more slow gradual process, also known as continuous development.

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8
Q

name the behaviourists discussed in class

A

pavlov, watson, skinner, bandura, vygotsky

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9
Q

what did bronfenbrenner contribute?

A

created an ecological system model explaining direct and indirect influences on an individual’s development

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10
Q

what are the systems in bronfenbrenner’s model? name them in order!

A

microsystems, mesosytems, exosystems, macrosystems, chronosystems

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11
Q

what is a microsystem? give an example

A

what impacts a child directly. includes parents, peers, teachers

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12
Q

what is a mesosytem? give an example

A

interactions between those surround the individual. for example, relationship between parents and school

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13
Q

what is an exosystem? give an example and explain how it affects an individual

A

larger institutions such as mass media and healthcare. they impact parents, peers, and schools who follow policies and regulations from these insitutions

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14
Q

what is a macrosystem? explain how it affects an individual

A

cultural values and beliefs. these ideals inform institutions that will ultimately impact individual

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15
Q

what is a chronosystem? explain

A

historical context. time. values change over time as well as policies and government.

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16
Q

how were behaviourists different from theorists?

A

they views humans as more passive in their own development

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17
Q

what is confirmation bias?

A

when we tend to look for info/evidence that supports our belief and ignore contradictory evidence

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18
Q

how many groups are in an experiment? what are they called?

A
  1. the experimental group and the controlled group
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19
Q

what is longitudinal research?

A

begins with group of people the same age and background. measured repeatedly over long period of time

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20
Q

what is cross sectional research?

A

begins with sample that vary in age, ethnicity, and social class. only measured once

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21
Q

what is sequential research?

A

a mix of longitudinal and cross sectional research. people of different background measured over time

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22
Q

what is a theory?

A

it a proposed explanation. also helps guide and interpret research findings - serves as a blueprint/model

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23
Q

what is sigmund freud’s theory called? what did he suggest?

A

called the psychosexual theory. parents and other caregivers have a long lasting impact

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24
Q

who suggested the three parts of the self? what are the parts? describe them

A

sigmund freud. there is the ID which responds to biological urges - a newborn is all id. there is the ego which is guided by logic and is developed thru interactions with others. the ego works between the two other parts. there is the superego which is guided by sense of guilt.

25
Q

what are the stages of the psychosexual theory of development?

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

26
Q

when is the oral stage?

A

lasts from birth until age 2.

27
Q

when is anal stage? what can a fixation here can lead to? what happens here?

A

from 2-3 years of age. fixation can lead to one whos compulsively clean or sloppy and lacks self control. ego develops in this stage

28
Q

when is the phallic stage? what happens here? what can fixation here lead to?

A

from ages 3 - 7. superego develops. sense of masculinity/femininity develops too. fixation leads to vanity/recklessness or the opposite

29
Q

when is the latency stage? what happens here?

A

from ages 7-11. focuses on friendship. ego and superego refined. learns how to cooperate and negotiate

30
Q

when is the genital stage?

A

begins with puberty and continues into adulthood

31
Q

what is erik erikson’s theory called? what did he suggest? what is different about this compared to freuds?

A

psychosocial theory. society’s expectations and our relationships motivate most of our behaviour while we are aware. in this theory, stages/crises can occur more than once

32
Q

what are the stages of the psychosocial theory of development?

A

trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair

33
Q

what did ivan pavlov contribute?

A

he studied salivation and dogs. he introduced terms such as classical conditioning. in his study, what changed was the stimulus and not the response.

34
Q

what did john B. watson contribute?

A

he believed that most of our fears and emotional responses are classically conditioned. he used a study with kids and rats.

35
Q

what did B.F. skinner contribute?

A

suggested that reinforcement is more effective than punishment is when encouraging a behaviour. introduced the term operant conditioning which is when the consequences of a behaviour increase/decrease likelihood of it occurring again.

36
Q

what did albert bandura contribute?

A

the social learning theory. he performed the bobo doll experiment. how our behaviour is learned by watching others. he also introduced vicarious reinforcement. he also believed that we influence our surroundings as much as it influences us

37
Q

what is jean piaget’s theory called? explain it

A

theory of cognitive development. he believed there was a need for a cognitive equilibrium. we may alter experience to fit what we understand or we change our thoughts to fit. he uses the term schema which is categories of knowledge. and assimilation is when we compare new things to things we are familiar with. accommodation is when we make a new schema.

38
Q

what are the stages of the cognitive development theory?

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal

39
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage?

A

from birth until 2 years. hands on. children rely on senses and motor skills

40
Q

what is the preoperational stage?

A

from 2 to 7. they think bout the world using symbols (language, gestures, etc)

41
Q

what is the concrete operational stage?

A

from 7 to 11. think logically bout the physical world. understand cause and effects, distance, size, etc

42
Q

what is the formal operational stage?

A

at age 12. think logically bout concrete and abstract events.

43
Q

what did vygotsky contribute?

A

he believed that people had sets of abilities AND potentials. they can learn with assistance - what he calls scaffolding.

44
Q

what did carl rogers contribute?

A

he focused on the capacity of each person to become a fully functioning person without guilt or distorting defenses

45
Q

list in order maslows hierarchy of needs

A

physiological, safety, love & belonging, esteem, self actualization

46
Q

what is the information processing theory? describe it

A

it compares the brain to a computer. sensory info -> short term -> long term

47
Q

what is ethology?

A

genetic survival behaviours that evolved thru natural selection

48
Q

what is behaviour genetics?

A

traits influenced by genes

49
Q

what is evolutionary psychology?

A

genetically inherited cognitive social traits have evolved thru natural selection

50
Q

what is evolutionary developmental psychology?

A

when genetically inherited cognitive and social characteristics promote survival and adaptation

51
Q

what is humanistic alternative?

A

internal drive to achieve one’s full potential - self actualization

52
Q

what is schema?

A

categories of knowledge

53
Q

what is assimilation?

A

when we compare new things to things we are familiar with

54
Q

what is accomodation?

A

when we make a new schema

55
Q

what is equilibration?

A

balancing assimilation and accommodation to make schemes to fit the environment

56
Q

what is the complexity theory?

A

came from the ecological system theory. emphasizes interactions and feedback loops that change the systems

57
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement?

A

behaviours that are promoted when one sees it pay off for another.

58
Q

what is epigenetics?

A

study of changes in gene expression – not genetic code

59
Q

what do epigenetic markers do?

A

regulate gene expression by turning genes on and off

health sci 2700 (6 decks)

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