chapter 10 & 11 & 12 Flashcards
describe physical changes (height) at the age 12
girls have reached bout 93% of their adult height and boys have reached 84% of their height
sex differences in skeletal and muscular maturation cause …?
girls to be better coordinated but slower and weaker than boys
more than 1/2 of fatal
injuries are due to …?
motor vehicle crashes
what fraction of canadian children between 5-11 have unhealthy/sub optimal body weights?
1/4
what are some factors that result in obesity?
genetic predisposition, epigenetic modifications from early in life, environment (overeating/low physical activity), early onset of overweight, overweight parents
what is horizontal decalage?
inability to apply new cognitive skills to all kinds of problems
what is automaticity?
can recall info from long term memory without using short term memory capacity – achieved thru practice
describe elaboration
finding shared meaning/referent for two or more things that need to be remembered
what is mnemonic?
memorizing things with letters and words
what is systematic searching?
looking thru your memory for a piece of info
what are the associated virtues for erikson’s psychosocial development
Hope, Will, Purpose, Competence, Fidelity, Love, Care, Wisdom. HoW PoCo FooL CoW
what is the balanced approach?
reading instruction that combines explicit phonics instruction with other strategies for helping children acquire literacy
what are the components of emotional intelligence?
awareness of our own emotions, able to appropriately express emotions, capacity to channel our emotions into the pursuit of worthwhile goals
describe an achievement test
to assess specific information learned in school – but it may not accurately measure this because students can learn things at home too etc
describe an assessment
gathering info that can be used to improve learning
what is considered a risk factor in ADHD?
premature birth and genetics are a risk factor.
what are the characteristics of ADHD?
higher activity level, lower ability to sustain attention and control impulses
at what stage of erikson’s developmental theory are 9-12 year olds at?
industry vs inferiority. development of one’s sense of competence.
what is self esteem
evaluation on one’s self worth
describe moral reasoning
by piaget, process of making judgments about the rightness or wrongness of specific acts. the first stage of moral development is moral realism. it is the belief that rules are inflexible. the next stage is moral relativism. it is the understanding that rules can be changed thru social agreement.
describe the moral continuum
Extreme Realism on the far left. Epistemic Boundary in the middle in between Moral Realism and Moral Relativism. Cultural Relativism in the middle of Moral Relativism. Extreme Relativism on the far right.
describe the difference between boy and girls friendship groups
boys: bigger groups, accepting, outdoors, competition, dominances, competition between friends
girls: pairs, exclusive, indoors, agreement, compliance, competition between strangers
name some teratogens
smoking, alcohol, marijuana, anxiety, depression, obesity
where does myelinization occur at ages 9-12 and what does it lead to?
in the frontal lobes (logic and planning) and reticular formation (selective attention becomes possible)
where does myelinization occur at ages 6-8 and what does it lead to?
increase in the myelinization across the cerebral cortex with sensory and motor areas affected first which may be linked to the improvement in fine motor skills and hand eye coordination
obese children are predisposed to developing…?
type II diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease later in life
how do you calculate bmi?
weight/(height)^2
what is the major flaw of the bmi? why do we still use it?
it doesn’t take into account muscle content. we still use bmi because it is simple and somewhat reliable
what is decentration?
thinking that takes multiple variables into account
what is reversibility?
understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed
what is inductive logic vs deductive?
inductive is determining a general law from a specific experience. deductive is determining an instance from a general law
children age 6-8 are in what cognitive stage?
concrete operational
describe executive processes
advancement in info processing skills that involve carrying out strategies for remembering and solving problems based on knowing how the mind works
what is expansion?
when children learn to maintain the topic of conversation, create unambiguous sentences, and speak politely or persuasively
what are the types of intelligences according to gardner?
linguistic, logical/mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily (coordination of movement), naturalist (flora/fauna/artifacts), interpersonal (others), intrapersonal (oneself)
according to sternberg, what are the components of intelligence
contextual (knowing right behaviour so situation), experiential (giving specific response without thinking), componential (coming up with strategy)
define an exception child
one with special needs: gifted/disabilities
what are program accomodations?
adjusted teaching to help
child with special needs achieve outcomes of the standard curriculum
by the end of middle childhood children’s
self-concepts include two new components: ..?
psychological self (understanding one’s stable internal traits – development of self efficacy) and valued self (global evaluation of one’s self worth)
how does one display active listening?
empathize, be attentive, understanding thru non-verbal behaviours, reflect back their thoughts and feelings, do not interrupt or offer advice, remain neutral, ask open-ended questions
children having meals together with family leads to?
better academic success, less behavioural problems, better nutrition (in teen years), better psychological adjustment (in teen years).
what type of aggression is more common in boys? in girls?
boys show more physical aggression and assertiveness. girls show more relational aggression (on self-esteem and relationships)
what is vertical decalage?
using same cognitive function in different stages. e.g being able to develop a map when before they were navigating around the environment at age 2
differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
intrinsic for personal satisfaction. extrinsic to receive or avoid an outcome
