Chapter 7 Flashcards
Minerals…
Must be provided in the diet
Are inorganic elements
Needed in small amounts in diet
Needed for production, maintenance, reproduction
The requirements for minerals are?
Age
Physiological status
Body storage
Environment
Ca
Calcium
Found in bone, teeth and muscles
Required for bone development, muscle contractions, blood clotting, acid/base balance and neuromuscular control
Practical implications- Ca required for young animals Rickets - abnormal bone growth Osteomalacia - brittle bones Partyrient paresis - milk fever Wheat pasture
Sources of Ca?
Limestone (CaCo3)
Grains (low)
Grasses/legumes (good)
P
Phosphorus
Most known about than any other mineral
Functions - bone, phosphoprotein, phospholipids, nucleus acids, glucose
Deficiency - decreases growth, paralysis, ternary or death
Sources of P?
Dicalcium phosphate, oyster shells, meat and bone meal, grasses (poor)
Mg
Magnesium
Bone development, energy metabolism, CNS - complete with Ca for excitation coupling, part of chlorophyll - essential for photosynthesis
Deficiency- hyperirritabilirty, convulsions, death, vasodilation, grass tetany
Source of Mg?
Mg oxide
Grain (fair to good)
Grass (poor to fair)
Na
Sodium
Electrolyte
90% Na is outside cell
Stressed animals crave -drink urine
K
Potassium
Electrolyte
90% inside cell
Stressed dehydrated animal
CI
Chloride
Most is outside cell
Hydrochloric acid/base balance (HC1)
S
Sulfur
S containing Amino Acids - methionine (hair wool)
Deficiency- wool quality, bacterial crude protein yield lowered
Sources of S?
NaSO4
Sodium sulfate
Cu
Copper Red blood cell formation Reproduction Collagen formation Macro effect - antibiotic (swine) protects animals against bacteria
Deficiency- anemia, reproductive losses
Toxic to sheep. They have a low tolerance
Fe
Iron
O2 transport in the body
Hemoglobin
Deficiency-
Anemia (especially in baby pigs - sows milk low in iron - need injections of iron dextrin)
Thumps - low O2 carrying capacity
(Breathing looks hard and will cause a thumping look)
Se
Selenium
Acts as an antioxidant
Interacts with Vit E
Acts as peroxidase - enzyme complex that breaks down feee radicals
Deficiency - white muscle disease (whitening of heart muscles) lambs
Infertility
Zn
Zinc
Functions as a coenzyme with insulin, important for bone growth
Deficiency-
parakeratosis - skin flakes
Decreased bone growth
Decreased glucose uptake
Sources for Zn?
Zinc oxide or galvanized fences
What are the most commonly deficient minerals?
Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Sodium Potassium Iron Selenium
Two classifications is vitamins?
Fat soluble and water soluble
Fat soluble vitamins
A - vision
D - sunlight
E - antioxidants
K - blood clotting
Long storage in body
Water soluble vitamins
Short storage C B1 Riboflavin Pantothenic acid Niacin B12
Vitamin A
All animal requires
Functions- vision (rhodopsin), maintenance ( epithelial cells) and bone growth
Deficiency - night blindness, decrease reproductive performance, decreased bone growth
Units of measure for vitamins
IU - international units, measure of activity
Ppm or ppb
Vitamin E
Se mineral
Peroxidase activity
White muscle disease
Carcass quality - increases color and shelf life
Vitamin D
Sunlight
Plants - vd3
Function - Ca metabolism and absorption
Deficiency - abnormal bone
Vitamin K
Required for blood clotting
Intestinal mco synthesis - avian
Green plants are a good source
Antagonist - warfarin and dicoumarol
Vitamin C
Energy metabolism
Immune system
Scurvy
