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Principles of Animal Nutrition > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates contain how many chemical elements and what are they?

A

3
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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2
Q

What is the CHO ratio?

A

1:2:1
C:H:O

Glucose - C6H12O6

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3
Q

Carbohydrates occupy how much of the diet?

A

80%

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4
Q

Photosynthesis is responsible for CHO production in what?

A

Plants

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5
Q

Triose

A

3 carbon atoms

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6
Q

Tetrose

A

4 carbon atoms

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7
Q

Pentose

A

5 carbon atoms
Not found in high C in plants or animals
Not metabolized well
Increase urinary output
Fruits - high in pentose - feed for birds

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8
Q

Hexose

A

6 carbon atoms
(more important in livestock)

Most abundant in nature

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9
Q

Monosaccharides have how many molecule(s) of sugar?

A

1

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10
Q

Disaccharides have how many molecule(s) of sugar?

A

2 molecules linked together

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11
Q

Oligosaccharides have how many molecule(s) of sugar?

A

3-10 molecules linked together

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12
Q

Polysaccharides have how many molecule(s) of sugar?

A

Greater than 10 linked together

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13
Q

Glyceraldehyde

A

3C 6 H 3O2

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14
Q

Dihydroxyacetone

A

3C 6H 2O2

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15
Q

Ribose

A

5 carbon sugar found in every living cell

Component of ATP, ADP, AMP and RNA

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16
Q

2 deoxy D-ribose

A

5 carbon sugar

Component of DNA

17
Q

D-xylose

A

5 carbon sugar
Found in woody part of plants
Hay, straw, hulls, corn cobs
Component of hemicellulose

18
Q

Arabinose

A

Found in plants - high in gums

Component of hemicellulose

19
Q

A-D-Glucose

A

Primary energy source for miss monogastrics
Polymers - starch (amylose)
Well digested by enzymes in small intestines (SI)

20
Q

B-D-Glucose

A

Composition identical to A-D-Glucose
Polymer - cellulose
Not well digested by monogastrics
(Need bacteria to digest)

21
Q

B-D-Galactose

A

6 carbon sugars found in milk

Component of milk sugar (lactose)

22
Q

B-D-Fructose

A

6 carbon sugars
Found in honey and fruit
Components of sucrose
Sweetest taste of all CHOs

23
Q

Sucrose

A

1 AD glucose and BD fructose
Commonly called table sugar
Rapidly and easily digested within the SI
Quick source of energy
Found in sugar beets, sugar cane, molasses

Enzyme- sucrase from brush border of SI

24
Q

Lactose

A 
BD galactose and BD glucose 
Bonded by b 1,4 linkage 
Commonly called milk sugar 
Digested easily, expect for avian (birds) 
Milk based diets for young animals

Enzyme- lactase from brush border in SI

25
Q

Maltose

A

AD glucose and AD glucose
Bonded by a 1,4 linkage
Derived from starch digestion

Enzyme- maltase from brush border of si

26
Q

Celloboise

A

BD glucose BD glucose
Linkage b 1,4 linkage
No mammalian enzyme to break bond
Need microbial (mco) enzymes to breakdown
Fundamental linkage of cellulose molecule

27
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Greater than 2 molecules of sugar
Rafdjniss and stachyose (found in beans and legumes)
Leads to production of gas
Not commonly present in nature
Intermediates of breakdown of polysaccharides

28
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Have a relatively high molecular weight
Large molecules of several 1000 monosaccharides
Bulk of dietary cho from polysaccharides

29
Q

Starch

A

Main energy reserve in plants
Found in kernels 9f grain, tubers, etc
Good source of glucose
Two forms - amylose and amylopectin

30
Q

Amylose

A

25-30% of starch in this form
Soluble in hot H2O
Straight chain if ad glucose in a 1,4 linkages
Enzyme - pancreatic amylase

31
Q

Amylopectin

A

70-75% starch exist in this form
Insoluble jn H2O
Straight chain of glucose in a 1,4 linkage
Also branched chain of 1,6 linkages
Both of these alpha bonds can be digested by enzymes produced by animals

32
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage form of starch (glucose) in the body
Similar to amylopectin (almost identical)
Found in liver and muscles
Soluble jn H2O
Short CHI storage - short bursts of energy

33
Q

Cellulose

A

Primary cho found in plant kingdom
About 50% dry matter of plant
Most abundant organic compound in nature
Major structural component of cell wall jn plants - forms plant skeleton, fiber or stuff portion of stems, leaves and roots

No mammalian enzymes can break down

34
Q

Hemicellulose

A

Contains many different sugar molecules
Besides glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose
Shorter chains than cellulose
Branches polymer
Less “resistant” as compared with cellulose
Difference between NDF and ADF

Enzyme - hemicellulasea from MCO

35
Q

Lignin

A

Not a carbohydrate
Found in association with cho in plants
Indigestible by animals and most mco
Content of plants increases with maturity
As lignin increases, digestibility decreases

Principles of Animal Nutrition (17 decks)

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