Chapter 7

Question 1

What is meant by acculturation?

Answer 1

is the process by which people migrate to and learn a culture that is different from their original (or heritage) culture.

Question 2

How is the research on acculturation different from other research discussed in the text?

Answer 2

• studying acculturation is less coherent, more contradictory and less empirically grounded than any other topic.
• getting consistent conclusions is difficult for researchers because acculturating individuals have such widely varying experiences.

Question 3

What are migrants?

Answer 3

Are defined as those who move from their original culture to a new culture.

Question 4

What are other terms for one’s original culture and on’s new culture

Answer 4

original culture- heritage culture

new culture- host culture

Question 5

What is the difference between sojourners and immigrants?

Answer 5

• Sojourners: those who intend to stay only temporarily

- Immigrants- those who intend to move permanently

Question 6

What are the different parts of the U-shaped curve for acculturation experiences?

Answer 6

• U-shaped curve describes the experiences of the participants (A pattern of adjustment to acculturation)
• Y-axis is how positive the migrants feel about their host country.
• X-axis- labeled as honeymoon, culture shock and adjustment.

Question 7

Describe the honeymoon stage in the U-shaped curve for acculturation?

Answer 7

• First few months of their experiences the migrants were having a positive time in their visit.
• they enjoy they new experiences, meeting new people, trying new foods, communicating with people in a foreign language, and feel excitement in a novel environment.

-(Most travelers don’t stick around in a new culture long enough to move past the honeymoon stage and thus tend to view their experience to new culture pleasant.)

Question 8

Describe the Culture Shock stage in the U-shaped curve for acculturation.

Answer 8

• Culture shock: the feeling of being anxious, helpless, irritable and homesick that one experiences moving into a new culture
• Where increasingly negative views about their host culture
• experiences become tiring and difficult
• At this stage migrants realize they do not have enough understanding of how the system works to survive.
• become homesick very easily
• Start to miss the things from their home country and their favorite foods.

Question 9

Describe the Adjustment stage in the U-shape curve for acculturation.

Answer 9

• When they start to adjust and enjoy their experiences more and adapt to things in the new culture.
• Language abilities approve enabling them to function better in daily lives

Question 10

Identify examples of when the U-shaped curve does not apply.

Answer 10

• Some researchers found that the honeymoon stage is not evident in sojourners and migrants
• Many people the first few weeks they experience anxiety and no excitement to new experience
• One study tracked migrants to Japan and did not replicate a U-shape curve but an L-shaped curve. They had honeymoon and crisis stage but not adjustment stage.

**Acculturation experiences seem to be influenced by the homogeneity of the society.

Question 11

What is a societal feature that influences positive adjustment to a new culture?

Answer 11

Cultural distance, Cultural fit, Acculturation strategies

Question 12

What is meant by cultural distance?

Answer 12

Cultural distance: the difference between 2 culutres in their overall ways of live.

Question 13

How does cultural distance affect acculturation?

Answer 13

• The more cultural distance someone needs to travel the more difficultly that person will have acculturating.
• ex: moving from US to Canada is highly similar to heritage culture so there would be less learning to do and fewer difficulties (small cultural distance)

Question 14

What is meant by cultural fit?

Answer 14

• Is the degree to which an individual’s personality is more similar to the dominant cultural values in the host culture.
• How people fit culturally

-The greater cultural fit of a person with the host culture, the more easily he/she should acculturate to it.

Question 15

Examples of good cultural fit?

Answer 15

• People who are outgoing are very extraversion, are are more likely to move to to other countries.
• Malaysians and Singaporeans who scored high on extraversion demonstrated more signs of psychological well-being while living in New Zealand.

Question 16

How does participating in the host culture affect immigrants’ acculturation?

Answer 16

• Reflects how motivated people are to acquire an identity consistent with that of the host culture
• Do people have positive attitudes toward their host culture and are they actively seeking to fit in?

Question 17

How do attitudes towards the heritage culture affect immigrants’ acculturation?

Answer 17

Those who have positive attitude towards their heritage culture are said to be maintaining an ethnic identity.

-Do people have positive attitudes toward their heritage culture, and are they actively seeking ways to preserve the traditions of their heritage culture?

Question 18

What are the Four different strategies that predict stress in acculturation?

Answer 18

Integration strategy
Marginalization strategy
Assimilation strategy
Separation strategy

Question 19

Integration strategy

Answer 19

Strategy that attempts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture while at the SAME time striving to maintain the traditions of one’s heritage culture.
-Seeking the best of both worlds

Question 20

Which strategy is the most common strategy people are likely to pursue?

Answer 20

Integration strategy

Question 21

Marginalization strategy

Answer 21

• Strategy that involves little or no effort to participate in the host culture OR to maintain the tradtions of the heritage culture
• People have negative views towards BOTH their heritage and their host cultures

Question 22

Which strategy is the least common strategy?

Answer 22

Marginalization strategy

Question 23

Assimilation Strategy

Answer 23

Involves an attempt to fit in a fully participate in the host culture while making little or no effort to maintain the traditions of one’s heritage culture

• Positive attitudes towards the host culture and negative attitudes towards the the heritage culture
• reflects a desire to leave behind ancestral past and to fit with host culture.

Question 24

Separation Strategy

Answer 24

Involves efforts to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture while also making little or no effort to participate in host culture.

• Positive attitudes towards heritage culture and negative attitudes towards host culture.
• They prefer to continue to exist in the cultural world of their heritage culture.

Question 25

Which strategy appears to have the most favorable outcomes?

Answer 25

Integration strategy

-Because they usually lack prejudice and discrimination and have flexible personalities.

Question 26

Which strategy appears to have the least favorable outcomes?

Answer 26

Marginalization

-Because they reject dominate society, have a loss of one’s original culture, and weakened social support

Question 27

What are some pitfalls of acculturation in terms of lifestyle/eating habits?

Answer 27

• Adopting poor habits of the new culture
  ex: Japanese adopting poor eating habits after bing in the U.S and acculturated to the American lifestyle. (eating/engaging in less-healthy behaviors)

-They have higher chance of getting heart disease if they acculturate to American lifestyle vs. if they stay in Japan or those who continue to embrace Japanese cultural traditions in America.

Question 28

What is meant by identity denial?

Answer 28

In which an individual’s cultural identity is called into question because he/she doesn’t seem to match the prototype of the culture

• ex: “Where are you really from?”
• They experience prejudice and discrimination from the dominate culture

Question 29

What are the effects of identity denial on the target?

Answer 29

• Many will/may down play their culture and what they do in their culture.
• Leads to bad feelings, feeling of depersonalized, sense of individual identity is threatened.

Ex: Asian-Americans would order less healthy, more typical American food, when they had first been questioned if they spoke English than those who did not have they American identity questioned.

Question 30

*What is micro-aggression?

Answer 30

• Little shots or knocks on towards people of difference races. It can really affect them.
• Usually don’t know they are hurting someone

ex: “Can you do my math homework for me?”

Question 31

What is meant by stereotype threat?

Answer 31

• Is the fear that one might do something that will inadvertently confirm a negative stereotype about one’s (minority) group.
• Stereotypes represent shared beliefs among members of a culture

Question 32

What are the results of the classic study shown in figure 7.8?

Answer 32

When asked to indicate their race prior to taking a difficult verbal test, African-Americans perform worse on the test than African -Americans who are not asked to indicate their race. In contrast, indicating one’s race has no impact on European-American’s (whites) performance.

-This study demonstrated that when people experience stereotype threat they often end up acting in ways that are precisely consistent with the stereotype and their behavior ends up proving it.

Question 33

What were the results of the Native American caricature stereotype threat study?

Answer 33

Researchers presented Native Americans with one of a variety of stereotypical portrayals of Native Americans (Chief Wahoo a mascot, Chief Illiniwek mascot, or Disney’s Pocahontas). After seeing these presentations they were asked to complete measure of self-esteem, community self-esteem (how much they value & respect their own community), and their own achievement goals.

• Results showed, that those Native Americans who were shown on e of the stereotypical portrayals of Native Americans displayed lower self-esteem, less pride in their community and fewer achievement goals compared with Native Americans who did not see the stereotypical portrayals.
• These stereotypical portrayals may look fun and harmless but they appear to elicit stereotype threats among them.

Question 34

What are some of the outcomes of stereotype threat for targeted groups?

Answer 34

-People may begin to cope with the stress of stereotype threat by dis-identifying with the stereotyped domain and adopting strategies to avoid reminders of the stereotype
ex: the stereotype you are good at school so you drop out of school.
OR
-People with distinctive cultural backgrounds could be more likely to come to strongly identify with their group and increase their loyalty toward it.

Question 35

What are the difference between blending and frame-switching as strategies for making sense of experiences among bicultural individuals?

Answer 35

Blending: The tendency for bicultural people to evince (prove or show clearly) psychological tendencies between those of their two cultures. Thinking in ways somewhere in between the two cultures.

Frame-switching: The tendency for bicultural people to switch between different cultural selves. Switching thought patterns between cultures depending on context.

*both ways capture the ways/strategies multicultural people deal with their experiences in multiple worlds.

Question 36

Identify evidence for blending

Answer 36

One study showed increases in self-esteem in Japanese immigrants to Canada. The reverse was found for Canadian immigrants to Japan they had very low self-esteems.

• Info people are exposed to in Canada encourage them to focus on their strengths
• Info people are exposed to in Japan encourages them to focus on their weaknesses.

Question 37

Identify evidence for Frame-swiching

Answer 37

Not much blending of languages from heritage and host cultures. Do no develop a blended self but rather maintain and develop mastery over BOTH cultural worlds and certain selves are activated by different cultural contexts.

ex: in contexts of Spanish you speak Spanish and in contexts of English you speak in English. You don’t mix and speak Spanglish.

Question 38

What is evidence for code-switching even within North American cultures?

Answer 38

Using more than one language in conversation. Requires the brain to switch back and forth between different codes or languages.

evidence:

Question 39

Why is code-switching important to do?

Answer 39

Success in acculturation might depend on “code switching” and may be more successful for people to use.

Question 40

What is priming? How does priming lead to different responses on tasks?

Answer 40

• Activating part of the information network leads to related ideas and behaviors to become activated as well.
• Influencing a specific behavior without the person being aware of it
• Priming can encourage frame-switching

ex: Having people think of words like bingo and wrinkle lead to behaviors and ideas that they would perform such as walking slowly down the hallway after being exposed to the worlds. They associated with elderly.

Question 41

What is meant by bicultural identity integration?

Answer 41

• Is the extent to which people see their two cultural identities as compatible or in opposition to each other.
  ex: some biculturals see their two culture identities as quite compatible and they integrate aspects of both cultures into their everyday lives. They have high bicultural identity integration.

But biculturals who tend to see their two cultural identities as in opposition and feel they can identify with either but cannot identify with bot simultaneously. They are low in bicultural identity integration

Question 42

How does bicultural identity integration relate to frame-switching?

Answer 42

Hypothesis that the greatest frame-switching should occur among those who are high in bicultural identity integration
-this is because these people can fluidly react to external cues n culturally consistent ways.

ex: Chinese cues elicit their Chinese thoughts whereas American cues elicit their American thoughts.

Question 43

What is prevention orientation versus a promotion orientation?

Answer 43

Prevention orientation: Trying to avoid a loss, trying to avoid a negative outcome

Promotion orientation: trying to achieve a positive outcome

Question 44

How might these orientations relate to interdependence versus independence?

Answer 44

interdependence is associated with a prevention orientation while independence is associated with promotion orientations.

Question 45

Be able to connect many of this chapters terms and ideas to the acculturation experiences of Mark and Olly in the video we watched with the Kombai tribe.

Answer 45

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