Chapter 10

Question 1

What is the role and order of physiological reactions and feelings in the James-Lange theory of emotions?

Answer 1

Propose that physiological responses were products of the autonomic nervous system, such as change in heart rate, breathing, pupil dilation, tear secretion, blood flow to the skin, and stomach contractions.

Question 2

Who were the two proponents (i.e., theorists) of this theory (James-Lange theory of emotions)?

Answer 2

William James and Carl Lange

Question 3

What are the “two factors” in the Two-Factor theory of emotions?

Answer 3

physiological signals and interpretation signals

Question 4

Who were the two proponents of the Two-Factor theory of emotions?

Answer 4

Stanley Schacter and Jerome Singer

Question 5

What was the design and results of the epinephrine injection study?

Answer 5

• The design was to conduct an elaborate experiment that controlled for the source of participants’ physiological arousal and their interpretation of their arousal.
• Result: the strongest emotions were experienced by those in the epinephrine-uniformed condition. In this condition were feeling a great deal of arousal as a result arousal but they had no good explanation for it.

Question 6

What is some evidence for universality of facial expressions?

Answer 6

While there is evidence of universality of facial expressions, research suggests people are better at recognizing facial expressions of people from their own culture

Question 7

What are the basic six universal facial expressions?

Answer 7

Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

Question 8

How well did the Fore tribe of New Guinea “match” the universal facial expressions, and what does this evidence suggest about whether expressions are learned from exposure to Western cultures or are truly universal?

Answer 8

The Fore smiled, they frowned when sad, scowled when angry, and so on. This is strong evidence that some facial expressions are universally similar around the world. Ekman and colleagues propose that there is a set of basic emotions that are universally recognized around the world.

Question 9

What does research show about the success in recognizing facial expressions from one’s own culture versus other cultures?

Answer 9

research on cross-cultural recognition of facial expressions an noted that, on average, people were about 9% more accurate in judging the facial expressions of people form their own culture than those of another culture. (with people showing about 58% accuracy overall)

Question 10

What is some evidence of variability in cultural display rules as discussed in the text and the video shown in class (linked to power point)?

Answer 10

Some cultural wanted people to show their emotion in clear, some want them to mute form or conceal them.
Can also be found in hospitals.

Question 11

What is the facial feedback hypothesis, and how does the “pen in mouth” study show evidence for this hypothesis?

Answer 11

The notion that facial expressions influence emotional experience. The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that culturally divergent display rules might affect more than just people’s expressions of their emotions.

Question 12

How do cultures differ on intensity of emotional experiences? (know page 421)

Answer 12

Intense emotions may make it problematic to fit in well with others, particularly for the expression of such interpersonally disruptive emotions as anger. It can be difficult for an interdependent group to function well if members are angry with each other, more so if some has a higher status then then another member.

Question 13

How does the English language compare to others on number of emotion words?

Answer 13

Not only are there words in the English language that do not have corresponding words in other languages (e.g., anxiety in Japan), there are words in other languages that do not have a corresponding term in English

Question 14

From the video linked to the power point, what words are in English but not other languages, and, from the text, what does the German Word schadenfreude mean, and does this have an equivalent single word in English?

Answer 14

Schadenfreude [shahd-n-froi-duh] in German– “delight in another’s misfortune” (whole song in Broadway musical Avenue Q!)

Question 15

How do independent and interdependent cultures differ on expressing emotions related to relationships?

Answer 15

People with interdependent selves are more concerned with maintaining a sense of interpersonal harmony and thus should be more aware of how events in the world affect others close to them as well as themselves.
Independent selves should focus more intently on how events events affect themselves, or how events might serve to distinguish themselves from others.
-looking at situations as providing opportunities to distinguish themselves from others or to affect their relations with others

Question 16

How is this (differ on expressing emotions related to relationships) evidenced in American versus Japanese athletes’ reactions to Olympic wins?

Answer 16

American participants inferred more emotions when the athlete focused on themselves whereas Japanese participants inferred more emotions when the athlete mentioned relationships.

Question 17

What are some tangible benefits to being happy?

Answer 17

happiness is associated with increased longevity and career success

Question 18

How does Western culture view happiness today versus in the past?

Answer 18

Evidenced by the findings from many surveys that many western countries report average levels of happiness that far above neutral. In 1843 happiness was always referred to as having good luck, it was never mentioned without luck till later on. People who lived in countries where happiness is defined as good luck reported feeling less happy than those where luck is not seen as an important part of the definition.

Question 19

At what point did Westerners see happiness as more than good luck? Do any countries today associate happiness with good luck?

Answer 19

Definition of happiness included the concept of good luck till 1961. over the years “happy nation” has dropped and “happy person” has risen. Suggest that happiness has been transformed over time in American English to reflect more of an individual’s state, as opposed to that of a collective.

Question 20

What is the definition of subjective well-being?

Answer 20

The feeling of how satisfied one is with one’s life.

Question 21

What are the results of the study by Plaut et al. (2002) on how regions in the US evaluated their well-being in various dimensions? What are some reasons for why some regions evidenced lower well-being than others?

Answer 21

Participants from each region evaluated their well-being in terms of their health, their sense of autonomy, their satisfaction with their identities, their emotions, their relations with others, and their sense if social responsibility. People in New England and the Mountain states, on average, were faring better on most domains of well-being than other regions in the country were. Well-being varies both across countries and across regions within countries.