Chapter 7 Flashcards
___ make ATP from photosynthesis
photoautotrophs
___ make ATP from breaking down carbs, proteins, and lipids
heterotrophs
aerobic respiration uses ___ as a final electron acceptor of the electron transfer chain and is much more ___ than anaerobic respiration
- oxygen; efficient
three steps of aerobic cellular respiration
glycolysis (in cytoplasm), Krebs cycle (mitochondria), electron transfer chain (mitochondria)
aerobic respiration begins in the ___ and is completed in the ___
cytoplasm, mitochondria
aerobic respiration equation:
** glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water (opposite of photosynthesis)
the first step of aerobic respiration is ___, where glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules called ___. ___ ATPs form.
glycolysis; pyruvates; 4
NADH is a ___ that carries protons down the electron transfer chain
coenzyme
___ is when a phosphate group is transferred from one molecule to another
substrate level phosphorylation
the second step of aerobic respiration is ___, there two pyruvates cross the inner mirochondrial membrane and into the Krebs cycle. ___ ATPs are formed
Krebs cycle; 2
carbon is released as ___
x
coenzymes are ___ by picking up the hydrogens and electrons
reduced
the third step of aerobic respiration is ___, where ___ of the ATPs will be produced
electron transfer chain; most
electrons are delivered by ___
coenzymes
in the electron transfer chain, a ___ is set up
gradient
the flow of proteins down the gradient powers the production of ___, and this process is called ___
ATP; electron transfer phosphorylation
the protons are from the ___ molecules
hydrogen
oxygen is at the end of the electron transfer chain, accepting electrons. it combines with hydrogen to form ___
water
___ ATPs are formed in the electron transfer chain
thirty-two
total from one molecule of glucose
2, 2, 32, 36
anaerobic pathways do not use ___ so it is not as efficient
oxygen
___ is a byproduct of fermentation
ethanol
___ is a product of lactic acid fermentation
lactic acid
too many carbs causes fat. when blood glucose gets too high, acetyl CoA is diverted away from the ___ cycle to a pathway that makes fatty acids
Krebs
the brain uses only ___ and takes up over 2/3 of the circulating glucose
glucose
when blood glucose levels fall, the pancreas responds by secreting the hormone ___, which converts stored ___ to ___
glucagon; glycogen; glucose
glycogen is stored in the ___ and ___, #2 has enough glycogen store for about ___ hours
muscle; liver; twelve
in lipid digestion, fats are stored as ___
triglycerides
