Chapter 3

Question 1

organic molecules are composed of what atoms?

Answer 1

carbon, hydrogen

Question 2

what are the four macromolecules found in life?

Answer 2

carbohydrates, **proteins (most diverse), lipids, nucleic acids

Question 3

____ groups give organic compounds their unique properties

Answer 3

functional

Question 4

what are the five functional groups?

Answer 4

hydroxyl (OH), animo (NH3+), carboxyl (COOH), phosphate (PO3-), sulfhydryl (SH)

Question 5

name the five types of biochemical reactions

Answer 5

functional group transfer, electron transfer, rearrangement, condensation, cleavage

Question 6

which reactions break molecules apart?

Answer 6

cleavage

Question 7

which reactions join molecules together?

Answer 7

condensation

Question 8

in condensation reactions, enzymes remove ____ from 1 molecule and ____ from another. the resulting byproduct is ____

Answer 8

hydroxyl, hydrogen, water

Question 9

condensation reactions form ____ from ____

Answer 9

polymers, monomers

Question 10

hydrolysis is a type of ____ reaction

Answer 10

cleavage

Question 11

what are carbohydrates made up of?

Answer 11

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (has 1:2:1 ratio)

Question 12

the simplest carbohydrates are ____

Answer 12

monosaccharides

Question 13

monosaccharides have a ____ carbon backbone

Answer 13

5 or 6

Question 14

what is the most plentiful sugar in nature?

Answer 14

sucrose

Question 15

how many carbons does glucose have?

Answer 15

6

Question 16

how many carbons do ribose and deoxyribose have?

Answer 16

5

Question 17

two monosaccharides bound together by ____ reactions form a ____

Answer 17

condensation, disaccharide

Question 18

what are the four most common polysaccharides?

Answer 18

cellulose, starch, chitin, glycogen

Question 19

lipids are ____ in water

Answer 19

insoluable (aka hydrophobic)

Question 20

fats are composed of fatty acids attached to a ____

Answer 20

glycerol

Question 21

what are the most common fats?

Answer 21

triglycerides

Question 22

phospholipids are main components of ____

Answer 22

cell membranes

Question 23

what are amino acids composed of?

Answer 23

carboxyl group, amine, R-group

Question 24

amino acid properties are determined by ____

Answer 24

their R-group

Question 25

many amino acids bound together by peptide bonds make up a ____

Answer 25

polypeptide

Question 26

what type of reaction is the bonding of amino acids into a protein?

Answer 26

condensation

Question 27

what are the different structural forms that describe proteins?

Answer 27

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Question 28

the primary structure of amino acids is the ____ of amino acids

Answer 28

sequence

Question 29

the secondary structure of amino acids forms when… ____

Answer 29

hydrogen bonds form between the polypeptide chain

Question 30

what are the two shapes of secondary amino acid structures?

Answer 30

helix or sheet

Question 31

the tertiary structure of amino acids forms when…

Answer 31

the R-groups of individual amino acids interact with each other

Question 32

the quarternary structure of amino acids is formed when…

Answer 32

2 or more polypeptides are bound together

Question 33

proteins that are combined with lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids) are called ____

Answer 33

lipoproteins

Question 34

proteins that are combined with oligosaccharides are called ____

Answer 34

glycoproteins

Question 35

only when will proteins function correctly?

Answer 35

only if their shape is not disrupted or denatured

Question 36

what can denature proteins?

Answer 36

heat, rising/descending pH

Question 37

what are the three main components of nucleotides?

Answer 37

sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

Question 38

nucleotides are the components of what nucleic acids?

Answer 38

DNA, RNA