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Biology 101 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy cannot be created nor destroyed

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2
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

entropy increases spontaneously and energy transfer is never completely efficient

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3
Q

what is entropy?

A

the measure of disorder of a system

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4
Q

why do cells need energy?

A

to do work

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5
Q

what is the ultimate source of energy for living organisms?

A

the sun

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6
Q

energy from the sun flows in what direction through the food chain?

A

sun > producers > consumers

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7
Q

in what form does energy escape with each energy transfer?

A

heat (dispersed heat is not a useful form of energy)

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8
Q

what does a metabolic reaction involve?

A

reactants, intermediates, products

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9
Q

what are the molecules involved with metabolism?

A

enzymes, energy carriers, cofactors, transport proteins

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10
Q

which reactions require energy/ATP?

A

endergonic

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11
Q

which reactions release energy/ATP?

A

exergonic

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12
Q

when is energy released?

A

when ATP gives up a phosphate group

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13
Q

when ATP gives up a phosphate group, it becomes ____

A

ADP (which has less potential energy than ATP)

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14
Q

what is phosphorylation?

A

the transfer of energy when a phosphate group is transferred to another molecule

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15
Q

a cell requires ____ to accumulate ATP by regenerating ADP

A

energy

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16
Q

without ____, biochemical reactions would proceed very slowly

A

enzymes

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17
Q

how do enzymes speed up reactions?

A

they lower the activation energy of reactions

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18
Q

what are the features of enzymes?

A
  • speed up reactions, DO NOT CAUSE reactions
  • are not used up in reactions
  • work for both forward and backward reactions
  • easily recognize and bind to certain substances
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19
Q

where do certain substrates bind to proceed with reactions?

A

active sites of enzymes (substrate-specific)

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20
Q

what does enzyme activity depend on?

A

temperature, pH, salt, allosteric regulators, coenzymes, cofactors

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21
Q

when do enzymes become denatures?

A

in extreme pH and heat

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22
Q

what is an allosteric site?

A

a region of the enzyme other than the active site; alters the enzyme shape

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23
Q

cofactors, or enzyme helpers, include ____ and ____

A

coenzymes, metal ions

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24
Q

coenzymes include…

A

NAP+, NADPH+, NADPH, FAD

25
Q

what do coenzymes transport?

A

electrons and protons

26
Q

what is feedback inhibition?

A

where the end product in a series of enzymatic reactions inhibits the first enzyme in the series

27
Q

almost all ____ are coenzymes, or precursors of them

A

vitamins

28
Q

unlike enzymes, coenzymes can become ____ during use

A

altered

29
Q

what are the two types of metabolic pathways?

A

anabolic and catabolic

30
Q

which type of metabolic pathway builds up molecules (biosynthetic)?

A

anabolic

31
Q

what type of metabolic pathway breaks down molecules (degradive)?

A

catabolic

32
Q

redox reactions involving addition of electrons are ____ reactions

A

reduced

33
Q

redox reactions involving removal of electrons are ____ reactions

A

oxidized

34
Q

reduced and oxidized redox reactions are how the electron transport chain works in ____ and ____

A

cellular/aerobic respiration, photosynthesis

35
Q

cells must have a ____ to control what goes in and out of the cell

A

membrane layer

36
Q

____ are responsible for membrane activity

A

proteins

37
Q

describe the basic structure of all cell membranes

A

lipid bilayer with many embedded proteins

38
Q

in the lipid bilayer, the outer portion of phospholipids is ____

A

hydrophobic

39
Q

in the lipid bilayer, the inner portion of phospholipids is ____

A

hydrophilic

40
Q

the membrane is a mosaic of…

A

phospholipids, glycolipids, sterols, proteins

41
Q

what are the different types of membrane proteins?

A

active transport, passive transport, receptive, recognition

42
Q

when does transport require energy?

A

sometimes if the substance is moving against a concentration gradient

43
Q

____ is when ions or molecules move away from a concentration gradient

A

diffusion

44
Q

the cell membrane is not selective against the movement of…

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nonpolar small molecules, water

45
Q

the cell membrane is selective against the movement of…

A

large, organic molecules (such as glucose and ions such as H, Cl, Na, K, Ca)

46
Q

what do diffusion rates depend on?

A

temperature, size of concentration gradient, size of molecules

47
Q

diffusion is higher in ____ temperature, ____ concentration gradient, and ____ molecule size

A

increased, steeper, small

48
Q

moving passively from areas of high concentration to low concentration

A

osmosis

49
Q

a solution that has higher concentration of solutes than surrounding concentration

A

hypertonic

50
Q

a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than surrounding concentration

A

hypotonic

51
Q

a solution that has the same amount of solutes than the surrounding concentration

A

isotonic

52
Q

pressure exerted by fluid on the walls of a cell

A

hydrostatic pressure

53
Q

cell contents exit the cell by ____

A

exocytosis

54
Q

cell contents enter the cell by ____

A

endocytosis

55
Q

name the three types of endocytosis

A

receptor-mediated, phagocytosis, bulk-phase

56
Q

type of endocytosis where a product binds to receptors on the plasma membrane, where a vesicle is formed

A

receptor-mediated

57
Q

type of endocytosis where microorganisms or cellular debris are engulfed

A

phagocytosis

58
Q

type of endocytosis where a vesicle forms around a small volume of extracellular fluid regardless of substance

A

bulk-phase

Biology 101 (9 decks)

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