Chapter 7

Question 1

the enlightenment

Answer 1

• focused on rational thought, secularism, spread of education, and knowledge
• reason!
• natural laws regulated the universe and society
• happiness!
• believed in social progress
• liberty!
• toleration!
• against religion (superstition and upholding old ideas) hy

Question 2

philosophes

Answer 2

people who wanted to improve the world

Question 3

locke

Answer 3

• promoted rational government
• promoted understanding human psychology
• “liberty, life, poverty”

Question 4

deism

Answer 4

-Newtonian view of the universe

Question 5

voltaire

Answer 5

• deism
• freedom of thought
• popularized newton
• secularize r
• “crush the infamous thing”
• didn’t like french government, like English

Question 6

montesquieu

Answer 6

• separation of powers

- limit on absolutism

Question 7

rousseau

Answer 7

• politics
• natural education instead of rigid
• social contract
• general will

Question 8

general will

Answer 8

no ruler

Rousseau

Question 9

beccaria

Answer 9

criminologist

against torture

Question 10

hume

Answer 10

religion is mere supersition

Question 11

kant

Answer 11

German enlightenment

• critique of pure reason
• categories of understand

Question 12

Enlightened Absolutism (despotism)

Answer 12

• rulers who more or less attempted to incorporate some the ideas of the enlightenment into their governments
• Frederick I of Prussia
• Joseph II of Austria
• Catherine the Great of Russia
• maria Theresa of Austria
• Peter the of Russia

Question 13

characteristics of enlightened` despots

Answer 13

• enact legal codes (abolish traditional privileges)
• encourage educational institutions
• secularization, religious toleration
• weakened of church
• increase revenues of state
• centralize power, codify laws
• built up military power
• monarch is the “servant” of the state

Question 14

maria theresa

Answer 14

• failed to regain Silesia (Austrian success)
• devout catholic
• moderate reformer
• improved economy
• alleviated serfdorm

Question 15

Frederick II the great

Answer 15

• started war of Austrian succession
• consorts with philosophies
• codified laws
• frees crown serfs
• abolished use of torture except for treason and murder
• encouraged Huguenots from France and Jews from Poland to immigrate to Prussia
• strengthened junkers privileges

Question 16

Joseph II

Answer 16

• impatient and furious reformer
• equal taxation
• toleration
• free press
• Jewish nobles
• improved commerce
• suppressed monasteries
• German language is universal
• secret police
• land to serfs
• abolished torture
• nobles didn’t like his reforms
• son is leopold

Question 17

leopold

Answer 17

-rolls back many of Joseph’s reforms to reduce outrage of nobles
-moderate reformer
-

Question 18

Catherine the great

Answer 18

• codified laws
• consorts with philosophers
• expands Russian territory to south and west (Crimean peninsula, annexed polish territory)
• Pugachev’s rebellion
• religious toleration
• allowed a commission to draft a new law code, but nobles refused to give up their privileges and little of accomplished
• allowed nobles more power over serfs and in status

Question 19

PUgachev’s rebellion

Answer 19

• Russia (Catherine)
• uprising of serfs
• stopped
• as a result, Catherine gave nobles more privileges and power