Chapter 10 Flashcards
agricultural revolution
- started in England and Holland
- enclosure movement
- crop rotation
enclosure movement
privatized land formerly available to everyone
-basically landownership in fewer hands
causes of the industrial revolution
- population growth (small pox vaccination)
- encouragement of investment
- strong central banking
- additional markets in colonial system
- free trade in Europe
- abundant capital
outcomes of the industrial revolution
- impoverishment of domestic weavers (family economy and putting out system)
- factory life instead of putting out system
- poor housing
- improvement of housing after 1840s
romanticisim
- Gothic
- irrational feelings
- traditional views
- response to rationalism (enlightenment)
- response to rationalism and terror of french revolution
- response to ugliness of IR
characteristics of romantism
-sincerity, authentiicy and toleration (french revolution)
-value emotion and religion
-mysticism
-harmony with nature (not control, IR)
-past history
-nationalism
worship of nature
folklore, folk song
-against materialism
-pantheism
-past (Greek and medieval)
pantheism
great force in nature with God
Rousseau
natural education
- individuality (emotion instead of science)
- social contract
kant
reconcile enlightened rationalism with human freedom, immortality and God
goethe
deep spiritual feelings
improvement of man kind
reason cannot save us
Alexander I
- tsar during Napoleonic war
- initially interested in limited reforms
- becomes more conservative after defeat of napoleon
Nicholas I
- come to power after decembrist uprisings
- reactionary conservative
decembrist uprisings
Alexander’s brother Constantine was supposed to be king, but then Nichols became king
this caused military leaders to rebel against Nicholas
-these leaders were expsoed to liberal ideas
Carlsbad decrees
suppressed student liberalism and nationalism in Austria
great Britain from 1740-1848
- there were problems with the voting distribution and rotten boroughs
- there was also the problem of the corn laws
- many people protested against this (peter loo massacre)
- then the government started to reform (repeal of corn laws)
- reform act of 1832
peter loo massacre
during 1740-1848
people protested against corn laws
France in 1815
- Louis XVIII restored (moderate)
- Charles X came into power
- he was extremely conservationist
- led to July revolution
- then Louis Philippe was brought into power by working class and upper middle class
- this was a consitioanl monarchy
Louis XVIII
restored after congress of Vienna
- moderate reformer
- kept napoleon’s laws intact
overall revolutions of 1830
- Belgium = yay! (nationalism)
- Poland = no! (nationalism) (russian control)
- Italy = no! (nationalism) (carbonari) (suppressed by Austria)
- french = meh! (Louis Philippe)
liberalism
- rationalism and freedom of individual
- constitutional, limited monarchy
- dislike hereditary privileges
- constitutions
- distrust of religious organizations
- secular state
- free speech and press
- laissez faire
- not FULL democracy
reform act of 1832
- reaction to boroughs problem
- created new districts representing heavily urban areas
- it only included one in 5 males allowing to vote
- doubled number of votes
john stuart mill
classical liberalism (equal rights, women)
nationalism beliefs
- common history
- historic geographical area
- common language
- common religion
- shared culture
- common enemies
corn laws
put taxes on corn
repealed in 1740-148
characteristics of first industrial revolution
- textile industry
- steam engine
- railroad
- coal
- iron
second industrial revolution
- Germany
- chemicals
- steel (no more iron)
- electricity instead of steam
- oil (no more coal)
- big companies
- working conditions improve (worker parties, trade unions and socialist parties)
T.R. Malthus
- food production instead arithmetic rate (slower)
- unchecked population at geometric rate
David ricardo
raising wages, buy more food, more kids, over supply of workers
- fewer workers raised wages
- keep wages as low as possible
Utopian socialism
- must emphasize needs of community over themselves
- redistribution of wealth through agency of state was necessary to create more workable societies
- argued to how to this (democratically em-pose taxes or kill all rich people
saint simon
private wealth should be put under greater administrative
control
socailist
anarchism
revolutionary alternative to evolutionary socialism
marxism
- class struggle
- capitalism gave triumph to industrialization
- but capitalism also concentrates resources into fewer hands until the proletariat would overthrow the rich in a bloody revolution
- society then could be reordered and eliminate the spirit of competition
- history would cease since class struggle would no longer be necessary
