CHAPTER 7 Flashcards by Melrose Bao

A ____ ____ rewards healthy
behaviors—like exercising,
eating, or bonding with loved
ones. It does this by switching
on brain circuits that make you
feel wonderful, which then
motivates you to repeat those
behaviors

healthy brain

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In contrast, when
you’re in danger, a _____ ______
pushes your body to react
quickly with fear or alarm, so
you’ll get out of harm’s way

healthy brain

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repeated use of drugs can damage the
essential decision-making center at the
front of the brain. This area, known as
the?

prefrontal cortex

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When this isn’t
working properly, people can’t make
the decision to stop taking the drug

frontal cortex

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Other Commonly Used
Addictive Substances:

Consumption of this can damage the
brain and most body organs, including
the heart, liver, and pancreas. It also
increases the risk of some cancers,
weakens the immune system, puts fetal
development at risk, and causes deadly
vehicle crashes

Alcohol

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Areas of the brain that
are especially vulnerable to alcohol related damage are the?

cerebral cortex
hippocampus
cerebellum

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Areas of the brain that
are especially vulnerable to alcohol related damage :

it is largely responsible for higher brain functions, including problem-solving and
decision-making

cerebral cortex

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Areas of the brain that
are especially vulnerable to alcohol related damage :

important for memory
and learning

hippocampus

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Areas of the brain that
are especially vulnerable to alcohol related damage :

– important for movement
coordination

cerebellum

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It is powerfully addictive
stimulant drug made from the leaves of
the coca plant. It increases levels
of dopamine in brain circuits
controlling pleasure and movement,
leading to health effects like extreme
happiness and energy, mental alertness,
hypersensitivity to sight, sound, and
touch, irritability, and paranoia.

Cocaine

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These are a class of drugs that
cause hallucinations—sensations and
images that seem real though they are not. People have used this for centuries, mostly for religious rituals. Research suggests that
this work at least
partially by temporarily
disrupting communication
between brain chemical
systems throughout the brain
and spinal cord.

Hallucinogens

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is an opioid drug made
from morphine, a natural
substance taken from the seed
pod of various opium poppy
plants. It enters the brain
rapidly and binds to opioid
receptors on cells located in
many areas, especially those
involved in feelings of pain
and pleasure and in
controlling heart rate,
sleeping, and breathing.

It produces euphoria and
feelings of relaxation. It can
also slow breathing and can
increase the risk of serious
infectious diseases, especially
when injected with a needle.
Regular heroin use changes
brain functioning, causing
tolerance and dependence.

Heroin

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It is a stimulant that can produce
feelings of euphoria and
alertness. It effects are particularly longlasting and harmful to the brain.
It can cause high body
temperature and can lead to
serious heart problems and
seizures. Regular use of this
significantly changes how the
brain functions.

Methamphetamine

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It is an addictive stimulant found
in cigarettes, other forms of tobacco,
and e-cigarettes or e-vaporizers.
It causes an increase in blood
pressure, breathing, and heart rate.
Studies suggest that other chemicals in
tobacco smoke may enhance its
effects on the brain. Although this
itself does not cause cancer, many of the
chemicals in tobacco are carcinogenic.

Nicotine

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Drugs and alcohol affect three
primary areas of the brain, these are?

the brain
stem, the limbic system, and the
cerebral cortex.

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There are at least two ways the drugs work
in the brain:

They imitate the brain’s natural
chemical messengers
They over-stimulate the brain’s
“reward” circuit

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Some drugs, like ____ and _____,
have chemical structures that mimic
those of a neurotransmitter that
naturally occurs in our bodies. The
drugs can deceive our brain’s receptors,
lock onto them, and activate nerve
cells.

marijuana, heroin

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Other drugs, such as _____
and ____ cause
nerve cells to release too much
dopamine, which is a natural
neurotransmitter, or prevent
the normal recycling of
dopamine. This leads to
exaggerated messages in the
brain, causing problems with
communication channels.

cocaine, methamphetamine,

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When some drugs of abuse are
taken, they can release _____
times the amount of dopamine
that natural rewards such as
eating and sex do.

2 to 10

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Drug use can eventually lead to
dramatic changes in ____
and _____ ___. These
changes can still be present
even after the person has
stopped taking drugs.

neurons, brain circuits

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Studies have shown some
deterioration of the brain’s white matter due to this use,
which may affect decision-making
abilities, the ability to
regulate behavior, and
responses to stressful
situations.

heroin

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The relationship between
opioid overdose and
depressed respiration
(slowed breathing) has been
confirmed, and this can
affect the amount of oxygen
that reaches the brain, a
condition called?

hypoxia

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This can have short- and
long-term psychological and
neurological effects,
including coma and
permanent brain damage.

Hypoxia

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Some drugs of abuse, such as
____, are toxic to nerve
cells and may damage or
destroy them either in the
brain or the peripheral
nervous system

inhalants

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“A common misperception is that addiction is a choice or moral problem, and all you have to do is stop. But nothing could be further from the truth,” says?

Dr. George Koob.

Repeated drug exposure _____ these circuits toward compulsive behavior so that a person’s control over the desire to seek and use drugs is compromised, despite devastating consequences.

“resets”

Changes from addiction go beyond the brain’s reward system to include regions involved in ______, ______, _____ _____, ________ ____, and more.

memory, learning, impulse control, stress reactivity

Genes account for about ___ _____ of a person’s risk of becoming addicted, and environmental factors influence the effect of these genes.

50 percent

It is a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances.

STRESS

This is your body’s response to changes in your life. Because life involves constant change (ranging from changing locations from home to work each morning to adapting to major life changes like marriage, divorce, or death of a loved one), there is no avoiding this.

Stress

The National Institute of Mental Health defines stress as simply ________________ Given that definition, not all stress is bad. It is simply a response. How harmful it ultimately depends on its intensity, duration and treatment.

“the brain’s response to any demand.”

Stress can come from many sources, which are known as?

"stressors."

Type of stress: It is the type of stress that throws you off balance momentarily. This is the type of stress that comes on quickly and often unexpectedly and doesn’t last too long, but requires a response and shakes you up a bit, like an argument with someone in your life, or an exam for which you don’t feel adequately prepared

Acute stress

It is the type of stress that tends to occur on a regular basis. This type of stress may leave you feeling drained, and can lead to burnout if it’s not effectively managed.

Chronic stress

The pain of this can hit harder than some other types of stress. For example, the stress that comes from a conflicted relationship tends to bring a greater physical reaction and a stronger sense of distress than the stress that comes from being busy at work.

emotional stress

It is the result of the prolonged chronic stress of situations that leave people feeling a lack of control in their lives. Certain conditions of a job can create a greater risk of this, including not only a high level of demands, but also unclear expectations, lack of recognition for achievements, and a high level of risk of negative consequences when mistakes are made.

Burnout

Your brain comes hard-wired with an alarm system for your protection. When your brain perceives a threat, it signals your body to release a burst of hormones that increase your heart rate and raise your blood pressure. This _____ __response fuels you to deal with the threat.

"fight-or-flight"

Its functions are part of the natural process of the body. In moderation, the hormone is perfectly normal and healthy.

Cortisol’s

But when ____ ____ is experienced, the body makes more cortisol than it has a chance to release. This is when cortisol and stress can lead to trouble

chronic stress

High levels of this can wear down the brain’s ability to function properly.

cortisol

According to several studies, chronic stress impairs brain function in multiple ways. It can disrupt _____ ____, resulting in the loss of sociability and the avoidance of interactions with others.

synapse regulation

It can kill brain cells and even reduce the size of the brain.

Stress

Chronic stress has a shrinking effect on the _____ ____, the area of the brain responsible for memory and learning.

prefrontal cortex

While stress can shrink the prefrontal cortex, it can increase the size of the _____, which can make the brain more receptive to stress.

amygdala

“it is is believed to create a domino effect that hardwires pathways between the hippocampus and amygdala in a way that might create a vicious cycle by creating a brain that becomes predisposed to be in a constant state of fight-or-flight,” Christopher Bergland writes in Psychology Today.

Cortisol

STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: * Stress journal * Look at how you currently cope with stress

IDENTIFY SOURCES OF STRESS

STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: Change the situation: Avoid the stressor. Alter the stressor Change your reaction: Adapt to the stressor. Accept the stressor.

FOUR “A’s” TO FACING STRESS

STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: Becoming more organized and reducing the generation of clutter * Setting priorities can help reduce anxiety * Using a "to do" list of tasks that a person needs to complete can give a person a sense of control and accomplishment * Effective stress management involves learning to set limits and to say "No" to some demands that others make.

TIME MANGEMENT TECHNIQUES

STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: (TIME MANGEMENT TECHNIQUES) Stress management research by Robert Epstein has made it clear that stress can be managed through planning. Start making your daily checklists, dust off your planners, and take action by organizing your weekly activities.

IMPROVE YOUR PLANNING

STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: By controlling our reactions in a positive manner, we can not only alleviate the stress, but actually get it to work in our favor. If you have been experiencing stress in your daily life and do not know how to regain some sort of sense of order in your life.

CHOOSE TO BE INTENTIONALLY POSITIVE

STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: (CHOOSE TO BE INTENTIONALLY POSITIVE) This is a mental activity that involves looking at a stressor or negative situation and explaining it (realistically and honestly) in a positive or neutral way.

USE REFRAMING

STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: (CHOOSE TO BE INTENTIONALLY POSITIVE) The strength of this has been shown to have a powerful buffering effect on stress. Those who are highly of this in themselves and others have a far less chance of having a mental illness. One team of researchers, led by Loren Toussaint, explains that this takes the bad connection between mental illness and stress and makes it almost zero. Without forgiveness, we experience stress in a more raw, unblocked way.

DEVELOP A FORGIVING STYLE

STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: (CHOOSE TO BE INTENTIONALLY POSITIVE) The practice of this – both “spiritual gratitude” as well as counting daily blessings – has a big impact on stress. Studies have also shown that it’s helpful to keep up with gratitude when facing troubling emotions.

UNLEASH YOUR GRATITUDE

STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: (RELAXATION TECHNIQUES AND MEDITATION) instruments can be used to measure heart rate, blood pressure, brain activity, stomach acidity, muscle tension, or other parameters while people experiment with postural changes, breathing techniques, or thinking patterns. By receiving this feedback, one can learn to identify the processes that achieve the desired result, such as reduction in heart rate and blood pressure.

BIOFEEDBACK

STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: (RELAXATION TECHNIQUES AND MEDITATION) This is one in which there is a deep centering and focusing upon the core of one's being; there is a quieting of the mind, emotions, and body. This state can be achieved through structured (as in a daily practice of a routine) or unstructured (for example, while being alone outdoors) activities

MEDITATION TECHNIQUES -

STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: (RELAXATION TECHNIQUES AND MEDITATION) The next time you feel uptight, try taking a minute to slow down and breathe deeply. Breathe in through your nose and out through your mouth. Try to inhale enough so that your lower abdomen rises and falls. Then slowly exhale as you count to 10. The more you practice deep breathing, the more effective a stress-reduction technique it becomes.

BREATHING RELATION TECHNIQUE

STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: Being by yourself is fine, but being lonely is different. A good way to combat sadness, boredom, and loneliness is to seek out activities involving others

CONNECT WITH OTHERS

STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: (CONNECT WITH OTHERS) “Bottled-up” emotions increase frustration and stress. Share your feelings. Perhaps a friend, family member, teacher, clergy person, or counselor can help you see your problem in a different light. Talking with someone else can help clear your mind of confusion so that you can focus on problem solving.

TALK IT OUT”

STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: (CONNECT WITH OTHERS)(CONNECT WITH OTHERS) Maintain your sense of humor, including the ability to laugh at yourself. Give yourself a break by reading or watching something humorous. Laughter is good for you!

LAUGH

STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: (CONNECT WITH OTHERS) * A good cry during periods of stress can be a healthy way to bring relief to your anxiety, and it might prevent a headache or other physical consequences of bottling things up.

HAVE A GOOD CRY

.STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: * Take good care of yourself. Get plenty of rest. Eat well. Don't smoke. Limit how much alcohol you drink.

TAKE CARE OF YOURSELF

.STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: (TAKE CARE OF YOURSELF) one of the best ways to manage stress. Walking is a great way to get started.

exercise

.STRESS OF MANAGEMENT: Matthew 11:28-30 ESV * “Come to me, all who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you, and learn from me, for I am gentle and lowly in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.”

NOURISH YOUR SPIRITUAL MAN

CHAPTER 7 Flashcards

brain and stress