CHAPTER 5 Flashcards
BRAIN
Peptides:
is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It is produced by the hypothalamus (Regulates vital function like hunger, thirst, and hormone production) and plays a role in social recognition, bonding, and sexual reproduction. Synthetic ____ such as Pitocin is often used as an aid in labor and delivery. Both of this cause the uterus to contract during labor.
Oxytocin
This are neurotransmitters than inhibit the transmission of pain signals and promote feelings of euphoria. These chemical messengers are produced naturally by the body in response to pain, but they can also be triggered by other activities such as aerobic exercise. For example, experiencing a “runner’s high” is an example of pleasurable feelings generated by the production of ______.
Endorphins
This acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord. It plays a role in allergic reactions and is produced as part of the immune systems response to pathogens (microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasite that cause diseases in their host organism.)
Histamine
This plays an important role in the coordination of body movements. This is also involved in reward, motivation, and addictions. Several types of addictive drugs increase of this in the brain. Parkinson’s disease, which is a degenerative disease that results in tremors and motor movement impairments, is caused by the loss of _____-generating neurons in the brain.
Dopamine
This plays an important role in regulating and modulating mood, sleep, anxiety, sexuality, and appetite. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, usually referred to as SSRIs, are a type of antidepressant medication commonly prescribed to treat depression, anxiety, panic disorder, and panic attacks. SSRIs work to balance ______levels by blocking the reuptake of _______ in the brain, which can help improve mood and reduce feelings of anxiety.
Serotonin
The complex human _____ controls who we are: how we think, feel, and act. It gives meaning to our world and our place in it. This also controls all major body functions.
The brain
This is housed in the skull, which protects it from injury. Averaging a pound at birth, this grows to approximately three pounds by adulthood. along with the spinal cord is a crucial component of the central nervous system (CNS).
brain
What are the 6 major parts of the brain?
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Cerebellum
Brain Stem
Temporal Lobe
In between the skull and brain are three layers of tissue, called ______ They protect the brain. The strong, outermost layer is named the dura mater. The middle layer, the arachnoid mater, is a thin membrane made of blood vessels and elastic tissue. It covers the entire brain. The pia mater is the innermost layer, with blood vessels that run deep into the brain.
Meninges
The ____ ____as well as the spinal nerves contain neural circuits that control some of our most rapid reactions to environmental changes.
This is elongated and almost cylindrical in shape. This part of the central nervous system is suspended in the spinal column and surrounded by the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
Spinal Cord
The _____ ____ is the only nervous link between the brain and the rest of the body. All impulses from the brain to the various organs is carried by nerve tissue that descends through the_____ and then leaves at the appropriate levels to the structures they supply. The also applies to sensory nerves from organs and tissues enter and pass upwards towards the brain through the _____ ____.
spinal cord
Location- In the anterior most part of the brain (under the forehead)
Frontal Lobe
What part of the brain are these functions?
o Determines our consciousness of our environment.
o Determines how we initiate and respond to our environment.
o Daily decisions in our daily lives.
o Controls emotional responses and expressive language.
o Assigns meanings to the words we use.
o Involves word association.
o Controls memory for habits and motor activities.
o Emotional control center.
Frontal Lobe
Mostly cognitive processing
Frontal Lobe
Location- Near the back and top of the head (Near the back and top of the head)
Parietal Lobe
What part of the brain are these functions?
o Contains the location for visual attention.
o Contains the location for touch perception.
o Controls goal directed voluntary movements.
o Controls the manipulation of objects.
o Integrates different senses to allow for understanding a single concept.
o If not functioning correctly epileptic behavior can occur.
Parietal Lobe
Sensosry Integration
Parietal Lobe
- Location- Located in the most posterior (Back of the head).
Occipital Lobe
What part of the brain are these functions?
o Center of the visual perception center.
o Contains the primary visual cortex.
o Receives projections from the lateral geniculate
* nucleus of the thalamus.
o Numerous visual functions.
Occipital Lobe
Visual Processing
Occipital Lobe
- Location- at the side of the head and above the ears
Temporal Lobe
What part of the brain are these functions?
o Auditory sensation and perception
o Organization and categorization of verbal material
o Long term memory
o Personality and sexual behavior
o Organization of sensory input
o The brain has two temporal lobes, one on each side of the brain
o The two are interchangeable, so if one is damaged, the other is usually able to takeover the other’s duties.
Temporal Lobe
Auditory Perception
Temporal Lobe
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
Controls basic bodily functions that are necessary for survival
The Brain Stem
(Medulla oblongata, the Midbrain, and the Pons.)
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
Function:
* Medulla Oblongata
* Location:
o Controls respiratory drive, swallowing, coughing, gag reflex; helps to regulate circulation, blood pressure, and heart rate
o Centers for cough, gag, swallow, and vomit.
o Cardiac Center.
o Respiratory Center.
The Brain Stem
(Medulla oblongata, the Midbrain, and the Pons.)
- Location:
o This is located in the anterior most continuation of the brain stem that still maintains the tubular structure of the spinal cord (at the top of the brainstem)
Midbrain
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
- Functions:
o The top portion contains important nuclei for visual and auditory systems
o It is here that these pathways cross so that each half of the brain controls the opposite side of the body
o Deep within the brain stem is the reticular formation within which lies the basic life support systems
o The bottom portion contains nuclei for the cranial nerves that control eye movement and the lower portion of the brain
Midbrain
- Location:
o The ____(meaning “bridge”) lies above the medulla, and is so named because many axons cross sides within this region of the hindbrain
Pons
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
- Functions:
o Arousal
o Assists in Controlling Autonomic Functions
o Relays Sensory Information Between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum
o Sleep - All are linked to the cerebellum which sits on the posterior side of the pons. Damage to any of the structures would result in impaired coordination of movement and/or posture
Pons
- Location:
o Two peach-size mounds of folded tissue at the base of the brain
o Overlies the pons
Cerebellum
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
- Functions:
o The _____ (“little brain”) has convolutions similar to those of cerebral cortex, only the folds are much smaller. Like the cerebrum, the cerebellum has an outer cortex, an inner white matter, and deep nuclei below the white matter
o New skills are learned by trial and error and then coded into the cerebellar memory
o Coordinates movement of muscles and joints by synthesizing data from the brain stem, the spinal cord, and another brain areas such as cerebral cortex
o This fine tunes our motor activity or movement.
Cerebellum
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
This is the largest part of the brain. It is responsible for memory, speech, the senses, and emotional response. It is divided into four sections called lobes: the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital.
This is the most superior and anterior of the brain’s major regions. It is the seat of reason, planning, memory, and sensory integration. All conscious thought originates in this and can influence the subconscious functions of the lower regions of the brain.
Cerebrum
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
Vital Processes of the body. (life or death)
Midbrain
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
Basic Functions.
Arousal
Sleep Regulation
Pons
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
Motor and muscular movements.
Body balance, posture.
Motor coordination.
dictates the body on what to do
Cerebellum
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
Cognitive Function Processes
Cerebrum
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
- Location:
o This is shaped like two footballs; each is located deep in the hemispheres of the forebrain
o A large mass of gray matter deeply situated in the forebrain. There is one on either side of the midline
Thalamus
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
- Functions:
o It relays to the cerebral cortex information received from diverse brain regions. Sort of a requisite ‘last pit stop’ for information going to cortex
o Axons from every sensory system (except olfaction) synapse here as the last relay site before the information reaches the cerebral cortex - Information from all sensory receptors except smell is processed in the _____ before being sent to the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
Relay station
gets the message
center of the brain
sensory region of the brain
extra sensory perception. 6th sense
Thalamus
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
- Location:
o This is a midline, structure, shaped like a funnel below the thalamus
o It connects to the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
- Functions:
o This has many regulating functions
o The autonomic nervous system, emotions and behavior, body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep-waking cycles
o “Stress center”, controls the release of hormones under its control: growth, prolactin, thyroid, corticotropin, and gonadotropins
o Regulation of sex hormones, blood pressure, body temperature, water balance, respiration, and food intake, while it also plays a role in regulating complex moods, such as anger, placidity, and fatigue.
Hypothalamus
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
Mid portion of the brain
regulation
Hypothalamus
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
- Location:
o This is tucked out of sight on the medial side of the temporal lobe
o Its shape resembles that of a ‘seahorse’
Hippocampus
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
- Functions:
o Stores and processes memories
o Helps find memories
o Affects emotions
o This helps to encode memories, and then helps to find them when you want to remember something
o Main relay station that determines whether a new memory should go into long-term storage or be deleted after its short-term usefulness is over
Hippocampus
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
In temporal lobe
Seat for memory
visual, auditory, and long term memory
Hippocampus
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
- This (Latin, corpus amygdaloideum) is an almond-shape set of neurons located deep in the brain’s medial temporal lobe. Shown to play a key role in the processsing of emotions, the ______ forms part of the limbic system.
- This is the integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation.
Amygdala
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
Hypothalamus signals the ______
Amygdala
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
- Location- This surrounds the thalamus and is enclosed by the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter.
- The name includes: caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus
Basal Ganglia
Biological Foundations of Psychology
Divisions of the Brain
- Functions:
- Controls voluntary movements and establishing postures.
- Controls voluntary limb movement, eye movement, and cognition.
- Lesions in specific nuclei tend to produce characteristic deficits. One well-known disorder is Parkinson’s disease, which is the slow and steady loss of dopaminergic neurons in synapses.
Basal Ganglia
- This is a thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebral cortex lobes into left and right hemispheres. It connects the left and right sides of the brain allowing for communication between both hemispheres.
- This connects the left side of the brain to the right side, each side being known as a hemisphere. The connection allows information to pass between the two halves. This is Latin for “tough body,” and this is the largest connective pathway in the brain, being made up of more than 200 million nerve fibers.
Corpus Callosum
