CHAPTER 3 Flashcards
INTRO
It is also known as behavioral neuroscience.
Physiological Psychology
It is the study of the human neurological functions as they relate to behavior and perception.
Physiological Psychology
It seeks to describe the physical mechanisms of the body that mediate our movements and our mental activity.
Physiological Psychology
It refers to self-awareness and the ability to communicate our thoughts, perceptions, feelings, and memories.
Consciousness
These are special states of consciousness
sleep and dreaming
What substances can alter consciousness?
Drugs and Alcohol
Blind patients are unable to see, but are able to reach for objects placed in their blind visual field
Blindsight
Implies that we need not be conscious of a stimulus in order to act on that stimulus
Blindsight
He viewed the world as mechanistic and viewed human behavior in terms of reflexive mechanisms elicited by stimuli in the environment
Rene Descartes
He proposed that the mind interacted with the physical body through the pineal body.
Rene Descartes
He viewed hydraulic pressure within nerves as the basis for movement
Rene Descartes
He soon showed that stimulation of isolated frog nerves will evoke muscle contraction
Galvani
He noted that nerves carry messages via different channel (Doctrine of Special Nerve Energy)
Muller
What does DoSNE by Muller mean?
Doctrine of Special Nerve Energy
He used ablation (removal of discrete brain areas) in animals to assess the role of brain in the control of behavior
Flourens
What does ablation mean?
removal of discrete brain areas
They applied electrical stimuli to cortex in dogs to elicit muscle contraction on opposite body side (notion of contralateral)
Fritsch and Hitzig
He reported discrete brain areas that controlled heart rate and breathing, purposeful movements, and visual and auditory reflexes.
Flourens
They Identified primary motor cortex, a region of cortex that activates discrete muscles on the opposite side of the body
Fritsch and Hitzig
Other brain regions control movements via connections with primary motor cortex
Fritsch and Hitzig
It is the belief that the characteristics of an organism serve some useful function
Functionalism
This suggests that characteristics that allow an organism to reproduce more successfully are passed on to offspring
Natural selection
Its consequence is that these characteristics will become more prevalent in a species
Natural selection
It is the gradual change in structure and physiology as a result of natural selection.
Evolution
These are humanlike apes that first appeared in Africa
Hominids
Where are humanlike apes? Hominids first appeared.
Africa
What are four surviving species of hominids?
Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans
Humans and chimpanzees share how many percent of DNA
98.8% DNA
Color vision, upright posture/bipedalism, and language abilities required a?
Larger brain
Human brains are large relative to?
Body weight
They study animals to learn of the relation between physiology and behavior
Physiological Psychologist
They study the physiology of behavioral phenomena in animals
Physiological Psychologist
who diagnose and treat nervous system diseases.
Neurologist and physician
What does MRI stand for?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Also known as N(nuclear)MRI and Magnetic resonance tomography (MRT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Using similar technology as MRI, this technology works by detecting blood flow volume in the brain. It can also be used to discover what different psychoactive drugs do in the brain.
fMRI (Functional MRI)
Often shortened to CT scan, though other forms of computed tomography exist, such as PET scans.
X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT)
Used to be called CAT scan
X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT)
It means any techniques of imaging cross section (slices) of the body
Tomography
A radioactive substance (called a tracer) is placed into the body, and it emits gamma rays, which are detected by a sensor.
Positron Emission Tomography
The tracer is usually an analog to glucose and so when metabolism increases in an area of the body due to activity, this shows up in the scan and offers an image of what parts are used for different functions. So it works similarly and offers similar information to fMRI
Positron Emission Tomography
Again uses a radioactive substance to map out the functioning of brain areas during different tasks, but the higher concentrations are according to blood flow (like fMRI) and not metabolism (like X-ray CT scan)
Single Photon Emission Tomography
(SPECT)
What does SPECT stand for?
Single Photon Emission Tomography
(SPECT)
Measures electrical signals (brain waves)
corresponding to brain activity
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
What does EGG stand for?
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Other tools of investigation
Abnormal/normal comparisons
Damage/normal comparisons
Electro-stimulation
Introduction of drugs directly into brain tissue
Introduction of drugs orally/injection
Blood tests
Brain samples
Unconscious behavior observations
Animal research
And more
Values to the Approach
Helpful in identifying specific organic disruptions in mental illness and disturbances
Helps remove stigma from mental illnesses.
Offers important information about possible cures for mental/neurological issues.
Offers very concrete, quantitative data
Does not usually require deception or involve elaborate behavior/roles/scripts in
experimentation
