CHAPTER 4 Flashcards
HETO NANAMAN TAYO!
It is the fact that we are aware of - and can tell others about - our thoughts, perceptions, memories, and feelings.
Consciousness
_______ _______ and _______ can profoundly affect consciousness.
Brain damage and drugs
Because consciousness can be altered by changes in the _________ or _______ of the brain, we may hypothesize that consciousness is a physiological function, just like behavior
changes in the structure or chemistry of the brain
That is, ability to send and receive messages with other people enables us to send and receive our own messages - in other words, to think and to be aware of our own existence.
Consciousness
is everything you experience. It is the tune stuck in your head, the sweetness of chocolate mousse, the throbbing pain of a toothache, the fierce love for your child and the bitter knowledge that eventually all feelings will end.
Consciousness
It is the quality or state of being aware of an external object or something within oneself, such as thoughts, feelings, memories, or sensations.
Consciousness
It has also been defined in the following ways: sentience, awareness, subjectivity, the ability to experience or to feel, wakefulness, having a sense of selfhood, and the executive-control system of the mind.
Consciousness
It is the senses getting information from the outside environment.
Sensation
It is The brain giving meaning to the stimulation that are coming from the senses
Perception
What does NCC stands for?
Neuronal correlates of consciousness
It is defined as the minimal neuronal mechanisms jointly sufficient for any specific conscious experience. What must happen in your brain for you to experience a toothache, for example?
Neuronal correlates of consciousness (NCC)
He proposes that “When we say that we are aware of a certain piece of information, what we mean is just this: the information has entered into a specific storage area that makes it available to the rest of the brain”. He adds: “The flexible dissemination of information, is a characteristic property of the conscious state”.
Dehaene (2014)
It involves all of the things that you are currently aware of and thinking about. It is somewhat akin to short-term memory and is limited in terms of capacity. Your awareness of yourself and the world around you are part of your consciousness.
The conscious mind
It is A major part of the scientific literature on consciousness consists of studies that examine the relationship between the experiences reported by subjects and the activity that simultaneously takes place in their brains.
Neuronal correlates of consciousness (NCC)
______ _____ _____are more widely accepted as necessary for consciousness to occur, especially the _____ _____, which is involved in a range of higher cognitive functions collectively known as executive functions.
Higher brain areas, prefrontal cortex
Things that the conscious mind wants to keep hidden from awareness are repressed into the _______ _____. While we are unaware of these feelings, thoughts, urges, and emotions.
unconscious mind
also known as the subconscious mind, includes things that we might not be presently aware of but that we can pull into conscious awareness when needed.
The preconscious mind
Dehaene and colleagues have developed computer _________ __ ______ _______that successfully replicate the way in which distributed processing at the brain’s periphery gives way to a stable, serial “thought” at higher levels due to feedback amplification of one signal and inhibition of others.
simulations of neural dynamics
They have developed computer simulations of neural dynamics that successfully replicate the way in which distributed processing at the brain’s periphery gives way to a stable, serial “thought” at higher levels due to feedback amplification of one signal and inhibition of others.
Dehaene and colleagues
It is the study of mental brain processes and its underlying neural systems. This includes thinking and behavior and is underpinned by the learning brain. Therefore, cognitive neuroscience looks at how the
brain learns, stores, and uses the information it acquires. It is through learning that the brain enables us to adapt to our ever-changing environment.
Cognitive neuroscience
According to ____ ____ (psychoanalytic theory of personality), the conscious mind includes such things as the sensations, perceptions, memories, feeling, and fantasies inside of our current awareness.
Sigmund Freud
There are also a variety of circumstances that can change the relationship between the mind and the world in less drastic ways, producing what are known as _____ _____ __ ________.
altered states of consciousness.
These are some brain states in which consciousness seems to be absent, including _______ _____, ____, and _____.
dreamless sleep, coma, and death.
What stage of sleeping is this?
You are in a deep, restful sleep. Your breathing and heart
rate slow down, and your body is still.
STAGES
3&4
It can be accompanied by changes in thinking, disturbances in the sense of time, feelings of loss of control, changes in emotional expression, alternations in body image and changes in meaning or significance.
Altered states
Some altered states occur naturally; others can be produced by ______ or ____ _____.
drugs or brain damage.
Although _____ ___ and____-______ _____ appear very similar to an outside observer, each is associated with a distinct pattern of brain activity, metabolic activity, and eye movement; each is also associated with a distinct pattern of experience and cognition.
dream sleep and npn-dream sleep
Your brain is active and you dream. Your eyes move under your eyelids in RAPID EYE
MOVEMENT (R.E.M).
STAGE 5
What stage of sleeping is this?
You first fall asleep, but are not yet in a deep sleep.
STAGES 1 & 2
There has been some research into physiological changes in yogis and people who practice various techniques of _____. Some research with brain waves during meditation has reported differences between those corresponding to ordinary relaxation and those corresponding to meditation. It has been disputed, however, whether there is enough evidence to count these as physiologically distinct states of consciousness.
Meditation
is a practice where an individual uses a technique – such as mindfulness, or focusing the mind on a particular object, thought or activity – to train attention and awareness, and achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state.
Meditation
What processes are taking place in our brains when we learn new things?
- In a word, neuroplasticity.
It derives from a need to treat people whose brain function has been impaired as a result of disease, brain damage, toxins, or drugs. In medicine, conceptual distinctions are considered useful to the degree that they can help to guide treatments.
Medical aspects
The medical approach focuses on the amount of consciousness a person has: in medicine, consciousness is assessed as a “level” ranging from coma and brain death at the low end, to full alertness and purposeful responsiveness at the high end.
Medical aspects
We now have learned from neuroscience that sustained focus is largely an unconscious process but essential for learning and creative thinking. Actively silencing the mind through a process of focused attention (focusing on the major senses while breathing deeply) or open
monitoring (actively allowing incoming stimuli without reacting or responding to it) for 20 minutes per day will go a long way toward enhancing the ability for focused and sustained attention.
Focused attention is fundamental to acquiring new knowledge
these machanisms at the synapse react to all this, and the connection is strengthened so that in the future neuron A firing is even more likely to lead to neuron B firing.
- Electrical and chemical mechanisms (Glutamate)
It is the ability of the brain to modify its connections or re-wire itself. Without this ability, any brain, not just the human brain, would be unable to develop from infancy through to adulthood or recover from brain injury.
- Neuroplasticity – or brain plasticity
He defined memory as the means to draw past experiences in order to assess the information at the present.
Sternberg
The brain is a_______ ______, a mesh of neurons all interacting with each other. Even in the enormously complex human brain, it depends on a huge number of individual neurons each following a set of simpler rules – just like in the much simpler simulated neural net we discussed. Neurons in the brain are connected by synapses, tiny structures that provide an electrical and chemical junction between neurons.
neural network
It is is how successful connections are reinforced
- Long-term potentiation
There is plenty of research that provides clear and accurate summaries of progress in the cognitive neuroscience of learning. However, there are at the same time questionable media reports and claims about
brain-based learning that, according to some scientists, often oversimplify, misrepresent, and allow for “neuromyths” to flourish.
Challenges and opportunities
Motivation in the brain is driven by emotion. Individuals are motivated to engage in situations with an emotionally positive valence and avoid those with an emotionally negative valence. Research findings indicate that different aspects of memory are activated in different emotional contexts, and that demonstrates there are links between emotion and cognition.
All learning has an emotional base
Changes in neural connections, which are fundamental for learning to take place in the brain, do not seem to occur when learning experiences are not active. Many research studies suggest that active engagement is a prerequisite for changes in the brain.
Not surprisingly, just listening to a presentation or lecture will not lead to learning. Powerful training initiatives that stimulate active engagement include facilitation, simulation, games, and role play.
Active engagement is necessary for learning
The ____ ______ ______ detects the satisfaction of a successful outcome and, upstream, further reinforces the firing patterns that led to that perfect three-point jump shot.
brain’s reward system
How can you trigger these learning mechanisms? .
Practice and repetition
Our brains continuously draw on this knowledge base to create simple solutions to complex problems. Knowledge provides the building blocks for innovation, which is the number one priority for many enterprises.
And since we live in a fast-paced world with ever increasing sensory overload, we need well-designed and structured learning opportunities to make best use of the limited time available to us to build new knowledge.
Increasing knowledge of people is key to innovation.
It is atype of memories are based off real-life events that have happened to you.
Episodic
The complete process of structuring and processing the information involved in the storage and retrieval of such information can be defined as?
memory.
The adult brain changes following the acquisition of new skills. However, the changes in the brain reverse when people do not have the opportunity to use the skills they have developed.
Unfortunately, many training initiatives are less effective because people can’t apply their learning in the workplace after completion of training. This is one of the benefits of digital learning. It provides on-demand learning and knowledge that can be reviewed at any time and any place.
USE IT OR LOSE IT
explicit memories are a series of general facts and information.
- Semantic
two types Explicit memory
Episodic and semantic
are memories that we tap into without being consciously aware of the past experience we are drawing them from.
Implicit memories
For example of implicit memory, ______ _____ — we don’t have to think about the events that caused our brain to tell our muscles how to move. It all happens unconsciously.
muscle memory
It is the first stage of memory. As the term suggests, this is the stage of memory which accumulates all the information from the surrounding and
encodes or stores it in our brain. The information we intake from the world around us is processed in three different forms.
Encoding
Parts of the Brain involved in Memory where The _____ ____ (involved in conscious thought and higher mental functions such as decision-making, particularly in that part of the frontal lobe known as the prefrontal cortex, and plays an important part in processing short-term memories and retaining longer term memories which are not task-based)
Frontal lobe
This stage of memory refers to retrieving information out of our memory storage. Failure to retrieve information is often understood as not being able to remember or recall the particular information.
Retrieval
This stage deals with nature of the memory where the information is stored, time duration of the memory, the amount of information that can be stored, and type of memory. The manner in which information is stored directly affects the way in which information is retrieved. Information is stored in two main parts of memory.
* Short Term Memory (STM). Total capacity of Short Term memory is said to be around 0 – 30 seconds.
* Long Term Memory (LTM). Its capacity is said to be unlimited and the information stored can last a whole life time.
Storage
In the storage stage or memories, the information is stored in two main parts. The two main parts are the?
Short Term Memory (STM).
Long Term Memory (LTM)
Encoding is the first stage of memory. As the term suggests, this is the stage of memory which accumulates all the information from the surrounding and
encodes or stores it in our brain. The information we intake from the world around us is processed in three different forms. WHAT ARE THE 3 DIFFERENT FORMS?
- Visual (picture)
- Acoustic (sound)
- Semantic (meaning)
It is in storage stage of memory two main Parts where the
- Long Term Memory (LTM)
It is in storage stage of memory two main Parts where the Total capacity of this is said to be around 0 – 30 seconds.
- Short Term Memory (STM)
is one of the ways to increase your ability to retrieve memory. Information can be organized alphabetically, by time, by size, or by any other means you deem fit.
Memory organization
Parts of the Brain involved in Memory where The _____ _____ plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language and consciousness (divided into the four lobes).
Cerebral cortex
What are the Stages of Memory
Encoding
storage
retrieval
memory organization
Parts of the Brain involved in Memory where The ____ ____are structures that live deep within the brain. Particularly, they help us with coordinating sequences of motor activity. We use these sequences during activities such as dancing, playing an instrument, and playing soccer.
basal ganglia
Parts of the Brain involved in Memory where The ______ ____ (involved in integrating sensory information from the various senses, and in the manipulation of objects in determining spatial sense and navigation)
Parietal lobe
Parts of the Brain involved in Memory where The ________, is essential for memory function, particularly the transference from short- to long-term memory and control of spatial memory and behaviour.
hippocampus
Parts of the Brain involved in Memory where The ______ ____ (mainly involved with the sense of
sight). Including the processing of complex stimuli like faces and scenes, and plays a key role in the formation of long-term memory)
Occipital lobe
Parts of the Brain involved in Memory where The ______ also performs a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions and social and sexual behavior.
amygdala
These structures are also involved in processes such as habit formation (which makes sense when you think about how muscle-memory seems like a habit), movement, learning, emotion, and processing rewards.
basal ganglia
Parts of the Brain involved in Memory where The _____ is located at the base of the brain, all the way in the back. As opposed to general motor control, the cerebellum focuses on fine motor control — the type that helps us with detailed activity, such as learning how to hold a bow just a slight degree higher to hit the target.
cerebellum
Which part of brain is affected during memory loss?
The frontal and temporal lobes, the limbic system, and parts of the brain stem that control alertness are all involved in memory and learning. So, if any of these parts gets damaged, a person can suffer memory loss or amnesia.
Parts of the Brain involved in Memory
Cerebral cortex
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
hippocampus
amygdala
Basal ganglia
Cerebellum
