CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
Introduction To Physiological Psychology
studies the biological basis of how we think, linking the physical operation of the brain with our speech and actions. It focuses on brain cells, brain structures, brain chemistry, and their effects on behavior.
Physiological Psychology
may be defined as the process of responding to some form of energy in the environment by an activity generally useful to life.
Behavior
is a form of energy, anything that affects the organism.
Stimulus/Stimuli (Everything around us affects us)
have essentially the function of a switchboard.
brain and spinal cord
is made up of the Brain, the Spinal Cord and the Neurons
Central nervous System (CNS)
electrical information transmitted in the CNS.
Nerve impulse (Message)
What are the two branches of nervous system?
Central Nervous system and Peripheral Nervous System
What does the Central Nervous System consist of?
Spinal Cord, Brain stem, and Brain
It is The body’s master control unit
Central Nervous System
It is the bodies link to the outside world
Peripheral Nervous System
What are the two branches of peripheral nervous system?
The Autonomic NS and The Somatic NS
It regulates involuntary bodily processes, such as heart rate, respiration, digestion, and pupil contraction.
Autonomic NS
It carries sensory information from sensory organs to the sensory organs in the CNS and relays motor movements and commands to muscles. Controls voluntary movements.
Somatic NS
It Analyse, identifies, interprets, and sends a command for appropriate response
Brain
Pathway of the nerve impulse.
Spinal Cord
Fastest reaction. split of a second, 0.3 sec.
Reflex
The brain can attend to only one stimulation at a time. The brain can only focus on one stimulus at a time.
reticular system
Three kinds of receptors in receiving mechanism
Exteroceptors, Propioceptors, interoceptors
This mechanism is made up of the senses, which gets information from the outside environment.
Receiving Mechanisms
This mechanism is made of the Neurons, the Brain and the Spinal Cord.
Connecting Mechanisms
This mechanism is made up of the Muscles and the Glands for the appropriate response.
Reacting mechanisms
3 kinds of muscles
Voluntary, Involuntary, Cardiac muscles
this muscles that can be moved at the person’s will. Also known as striped muscles, skeletal muscles.
Voluntary
muscles that cannot be moved at will. It has its own movement which are rhythmical. Also known as visceral muscle, smooth muscle.
Involuntary
muscles that are found in the heart.
Cardiac
Special secreting organs which pour the secretion either directly into the blood streams or pass it through the ducts or canals.
Glands
These are chemicals that circulate throughout the blood and affect the functioning and the growth of the parts of the body.(e.g. reproduction, metabolism)
Hormones
Chemical agent of the body.
Hormones
energy for the body.
Metabolism-
The Basic Unit of the Nervous System
Estimated 10-12 billion or higher!
Neurons
Type of Neuron that carry message from the receptors to the spinal cord and brain.
Sensory Neuron
Type of Neuron that carry messages from the brain and spinal cord and send them to the motor organs like the muscles and glands.
Motor Neuron
Type of Neuron that provide connection between the sensory and motor neurons. These are found in the brain and spinal cord.
Connector Neurons
Type of Neuron that is found in the sense organs (eyes, nose, ears, receiving mech)
Sensory Neuron
Type of Neuron that is found in CNS
Connector Neurons
found in muscles (connecting mechanisms)
Motor neurons
(receiver) All of the fibrous extensions of the cell body except the axon. They give the Neuron its characteristic shape.
Dendrites
The part of the neuron containing the nucleus, cell membrane and contributing organelles endoplasmic reticular, Golgi
Cell Body
Transmit to another neuron): Conducts information from the neuron cell body to the synaptic terminals to trigger synaptic transmission. Axons also transport chemical substances from the cell body to the synaptic
Axon
A fatty sheath of insulation that covers larger axons. Not all neurons have this.
Myelin
Points of functional contact between axon terminals and other cells.
Synapse
released by terminal buttons of neurons and detected by receptors in the membrane of another cell a short distance away. The one that crosses the gap that contains the nerve impulse.
1Neurotransmitters
released in large amounts from the terminal buttons, but diffused throughout part of the brain, affecting many neurons
Neuromodulators
produced by endocrine glands, released into extracellular fluid - stimulate cell receptors on membrane surface or deep within nuclei of cells, including neurons
Hormones
chemicals released into the environment through sweat, urine, or secretions of special glands. Most receptors in nose of other animals but may also be detected in skin or other organs.
Pheromones
the gap through which a neurotransmitter passes, from one neuron to another.
Synaptic Junction
These types of neurotransmitters have excitatory effects on the neuron, meaning they increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential. Some of the major excitatory neurotransmitters include epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Excitatory neurotransmitters
These types of neurotransmitters have inhibitory effects on the neuron; they decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential. Some of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters include serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
What are the two neurotransmitters can create both excitatory and inhibitory effects depending upon the type of receptors that are present.
Acetylcholine and Dopamine
These neurotransmitters, often referred to as neuromodulators, are capable of affecting a larger number of neurons at the same time. These neuromodulators also influence the effects of other chemical messengers. Where synaptic neurotransmitters are released by axon terminals to have a fast-acting impact on other receptor neurons, neuromodulators diffuse across a larger area and are more slow-acting.
Modulatory neurotransmitters
Which area of the brain is for studying and memory?
Cerebral Hemisphere
