Chapter 7 Flashcards
What is the domestic system
goods that were made in people’s home or in small workshops next to their homes[
What materials and goods were included in the domestic system
Shoes,Socks,Buttons,Lace,Hats,gloves and woollen cloth
How does the Domestic system work?
A clothier (cloth merchant) would buy wool from farmers that sheared their shoop and take the wool to villagers in their houses , who spun into threads to weave into clothes.Then the clothierr would collect the cloth,pay the family,take it to another different place to be dyed then sold it
Who ended the domestic system
Richard Arkwright
What did Richard Arkwright invent
Machine called the spinning Frame
Information about the first factory
It was invented by Richard Arkwright that produced good,strong thread very quickly,But it couldn’t fit in people’s homes. It had to be operated by a waterwheel. Arkwright put his huge spinning machines in specially created buildings known as factories or mills
It was powered by one waterwheel and it turned day and night so the machines and workers could work 24 hours a day
When working at home, people chose wherever they wanted to work. But now workers had to work wherever factory owners wanted them to work
How did the domestic system end?
More factories were built,people left their villlages and went to work in them
How did factories create towns?
The new factories pulled people into towns,with the promise of regular work and good wages.Factory owners built houses for their workers to rent and people began to set up shops and inns so the workers could buy food and drink. Roads ,Churches,schools and places eof entertainment were soon built too
places needed shopworkers. For example Teachers and nurses.Therefore it grew into large towns
Where were poor children who didn’t go to schools or orphans sent to?
They were sent to work in factories by local authorities and they were known as pauper apprentices,Given food,clothing and a bed in an apprentice house.
Describe the steam engine invented by James Watt and Matthew Boulton at a science club called Lunar Society at Birmingham
it included the new ‘sun-and-planet’ gear system that turned a wheel as a river would.
The water is heated and turns into steam that pushes the piston up in cylinder, then the steam is removed which lets the piston drop down.
Sun and planet gears change the vertical motion into a circular one-which turns the wheel
Punishment for breaking rules in the factory
fined,sacked,beaten with sticks,whipped
Why did some people built and provide quality houses for workers
They believe happy workers are good workers so they tried to provide decent living and working conditions for them
What were factory rules including its fines
Late for work- 3d fine
Leaving room without permission - 3d fine
All broken brushes,oil cans, windows will be paid by worker
Talking to another-6d fine
Ill worker who fails to find someone to do their job-6d fine
What caused factory workers to deform?
Carrying heavy stuff
How hard were pauper apprentices’ life?
They work for no wagees but given food. Dust and heat made people feel sick. Have to load and unload heavy baskets all day. Has no time to meet up with friends and share filthy beds
1833 Factory ACT
No children under nine to work in factories
Nine hours of work per day for children aged nine to 13
Two hours of school per day
Factory inspectors appointed
1842 Mines Act
No women or children under ten to work down a mine
Mine inspectors appointed
1847 Ten hour Act
Maximum ten-hour day for all women and workers under 18
1844 Factory Act
No women to work more than 12 hours per day
Machines to be made safter
1895 Factory Act
Children under 13 to work a maximum of 30 hours per week
Why did many people were unhappy with the factory change
People thought the government should not interfere with the way factories and mines were run. They believed that it was up to the owners to decide how to run them,introducing laws to force owners to spend money on improvements could harm the profit. They also argued that reducing the hours that children and women worked might cause money problems for the family
Why were Reformers like Lord Shaftesbury,Richard Oastler,John Fielden began to campaign for laws to protect factory and mine workers
They were motivated by their religious beliefs
Who were the Reformers
Lord Shaftesbury, Richard Oastler, John Fielden and Micheal Sadler
What are miners
specialist workers who worked in the mines that dug coal out or any other rocks
Process of iron
Iron ore is an ore that is a rock containing iron and is dug out from the ground
the ore is melted with limestone and charcoal to remove impurities in a furnace. The iron gets so hot it melts and gets poured out
Red-hot liquid iron is poured into casts shaped like pots,pans,pipes and cannons beams and so on.
It then becomes CAST IRON which is strong but contains air bubbles that can make it brittle
When cast Iron is reheated and hammered, the pocket of air are removed and it becomes wrought iron. Which is purer and stronger. This can be bent into shapes to make chains,tools,furtniture, railway tracks and so on
Why was coal called black gold
mine owners were making so much money from their coal that they began to refer to it as black gold
What is a coal
A black hard rock that is buried underground
What were the use of iron
was used to make tools,trains and railway tracks, iron gates, and iron pans for cooking
What are the use of coal
making bricks,pottery,glass,beer,sugar
power steam engines in the new factories
Required to power steam trains and steam ships
Why didnt Britain used coal to make iron when charcoal/forest is running low
The coal contains too much sulphur which is a chemical that makes poor quality iron
What did Abraham Darby I do
he discovered a way to use coal to make iron by reheating it to make the sulphur. This makes coke to make with Cast iron
Abraham Darby III
showing the possibilities of the use of the use of iron by building a magnifient iron bridge. He made the ironworks at Coalbrookdale famous throughout the world
Abraham Darby II
the removed even more impurities and allowing wrought iron to be made from coke-fired coal
Why was transport system vital for business and industry
Coal had to be taken from mines to factories and towns, Cootton ha to be moved from ports to factories and finished goods had to be moved to markets
What did the government do about the Britain’s road in early 1700s when it was in a terrible state
The government divided the main road network into sections and each section was rented out to a group of businesspeople. These people was called turnpike trust
What did the Turnpike trust do
They promised and improved and maintained their section of road. IN return, the trusts were allowed to charge a toll to every person who used their section of road.
What did the turnpike roads have?
had gates at the end of each stretch where toll keepers collected the money
Which railway became the first public transport system in the world to use steam locomotives( a steam engine that moved wheels along a set of rails or track, often called trains)
Stockton and Darlington Railway
What are the canals and why was it developed?
Canals were long,narrow,man made channels of still water which were ideal for moving heavy and fragile goods. The reason for this development was because turnpike trusts were still too bumpy for fragile goods like pottery and too slow for heavy goods like coal and iron ore.
What caused Industrial Revolution?
-The population increased massively, which led to more clothes ,shoes,plates production for them to buy.
-There were smart entrepreneurs.Who buys raw materials and make it into goods to be sold for profit.
-Britain had lots of coal and iron.It produced two thirds of the world’s coal and half of the world’s iron,two thirds of the world’s steel and half of the world’s cotton.
-There were many inventors, steam engines,trains,telephones were being invented using science and technology
-Population was well fed,breeding animals and growing crops for better quality meat
The first canal was how long?
When was it Completed?
Built where?
11km long
completed in 1761
Built by the Duke of Bridgewater
Who created the Lunar Society
James Watt and Matthew Boulton
Why did people stop using the water power
It was not reliable enough. Stormy nights can cause flood on the wheel. It stops when lack of water because of the dry weather
What are steam engines
engines that pump water out of underground mines
Why did steam engines fail until James Watt and Matthew Boulton found a solution.
They were expensive and kept breaking down
