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SLK 310 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What does OCD relate to?

A

Subcortial neutral networks involving the Basal Ganglia- the striatum and its connections with the frontal cortex

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2
Q

4 types of obsessions and associated compulsions, classify into ‘Symptom subtype, obsession and compulsion’

A

S.S- Symetry, exactness.
O-needing things to be symmetrical or aligned and doing things over and over until it feels just right.
C- repeating riuals and putting things I certain order

S.S- forbidden thoughts of action. O-Fears and urges to harm sel or others, fears of offending God. C- checking, avoidance, repeated requests for reassurance.

S.S- cleaning/contamination. O-germs, fear of germs and contamination.
C- repetitive or excessive washing using gloves/ masks to do daily tasks

S.S-hoarding
O- Feae of throwing anything away
C-collecting/saving objects with little/ no actual or sentimental value

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3
Q

Why is it difficult to understand mood disorders

A

Because feelings of Joy and depression are universal

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4
Q

What accompanies depression as an expression of illness

A

A number of associated psychological and physical symptoms

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5
Q

What are common consequences of mood disorders

A

Suffering and distress and the erode the quality of life sometimes leading to tragic consequences

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6
Q

What is needed to counter the effects of mood disorders

A

A sound understanding of what informs would disorders

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7
Q

What topics are covered in the description of mood disorders

A

How various emotional experiences and symptoms interrelates to produce specific mood disorders details descriptions of different mood disorders they’re defining features the relationship of anxiety and depression the causes and treatment of moody disorders and a discussion of suicide

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8
Q

What did the term folie circulaire (circular madness) emphasize

A

The occurrence of periods of depression and Mania in patients afflicted by the condition introducing the concept of bipolar mood disturbance (opposite of unipolar mood disturbance)

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9
Q

Who distinguished schizophrenia from manic depressive illness and what was his contribution

A

Emil k r a e p e l i n distinguished schizophrenia (dementia precox) from manic depressive illness and introduced a systematized approach to these conditions

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10
Q

What is manic depressive illness

A

It is a recurrent biphasic mood disturbance with distinct episodes of depression, mania or a mixture of the two

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11
Q

Distinguish unipolar depression from bipolar disorder

A

Unipolar depression- by a single or recurrent episode of depression bipolar disorder- episodes of both depression and Mania or hypomania

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12
Q

What is the most commonly diagnosed major mood disturbance

A

Major depressive episode

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13
Q

What are the key features of a major depressive episode according to the dsm-5

A
  1. An extremely depressed mood state (2+ weeks) cognitive symptoms
  2. Disturbed neurovegetative function
  3. general loss of interest in life
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14
Q

What is anhedonia

A

It is the inability to experience pleasure which is associated with some mood and schizophrenic disorders

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15
Q

How long does an untreated major depressive episode typically last

A

4 to 9 months

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16
Q

What defines the existence of a major depressive disorder

A

The occurrence of one major depressive episode conforming to the diagnostic criteria

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of Mania

A
  • extreme pleasure in every activity
  • hyperactive and require little sleep
  • may develop grandiose plans
  • rapid thinking and speech
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18
Q

Dsm 5 criteria for mania

A
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19
Q

What characterizes a hypermanic episode

A

Less severe version of a manic episode that does not cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning and loss at least for days

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20
Q

bipolar 1 disorder

A
  • occurrence of one manic or mixed manic episode often recurrent or alternating with major depressive episodes
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21
Q

Define Bipolar II disorder

A

It is characterized by the occurrence of hypermanic episodes frequently alternating with major depressive episodes

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22
Q

What is cyclothymic disorder

A

It is a chronic mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevations and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes

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23
Q

What characterizes a unipolar mood disorder

A

There mood only remains at one Pole of the usual depression Mania Continuum

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24
Q

Why is unipolar Mania rare

A

Because people who develop it eventually develop depressive episodes

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25
Q

What is bipolar mood disorder

A

It is when someone alternates between depression and Mania traveling from one pole of the depression elation Continuum to the other and back again

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26
Q

Why is the concept of bipolar mood disorder somewhat misleading

A

Because depression and elation might not be at exactly opposite ends of the same mood state their often relatively independent

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27
Q

What is characterized by mixed features in mood disorders

A

An episode where an individual experiences manic symptoms but feels distressed or anxious or is depressed with a few symptoms of Mania

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28
Q

What does the dsm-5 specify about mixed features in mood episodes

A

Dsm-5 requires specifying whether a predominantly manic or predominantly depressive episode is present and noting if an adequate number of symptoms of the opposite polarity are present to meet the mixed features criteria

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29
Q

Why is it important to determine the course or temporal patterning of depressive or manic episodes

A

Because patterns are recurrence and remittance contribute to a decisions on which diagnosis guides management

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30
Q

What are the goals of treating mood disorders

A

To relieve the current depressive episode

prevent future manic or depressive episodes

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31
Q

What is the aim of long-term management in mood disorders

A

prevention of future episodes

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32
Q

What is unipolar mood disorder

A

It is characterized by depression or Mania but not both with most cases involving unipolar depression

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33
Q

What are mixed features in mood disorders (dysphoric manic episodes or mixed manic episodes)

A

When individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time

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34
Q

What types of depressive disorders does the dsm-5 describe

A

Several types of depressive disorders that differ in frequency and severity of symptoms the course of symptoms in the likelihood of becoming chronic

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35
Q

What two factors most importantly describe mood disorders

A

Severity and chronicity

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36
Q

What defines major depressive disorder

A

It is defined by the occurrence of a major depressive episode in the absence of Mania or hypomania during the course of the condition

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37
Q

what defines major depressive disorder as recurrent

A

It is recurrent if two or more major depressive episodes occur and are separated by at least 2 months during which the individual is not depressed

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38
Q

What is the significance of recurrence in major depressive disorder

A

It is important in projecting the future course of the disorder and in choosing appropriate treatments

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39
Q

How long do recurrent major depressive episodes usually last

A

Between 4 to 5 months

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40
Q

What differentiates persistent depressive disorder ( dysthymia) from major depressive disorder

A

Persistent depressive disorder shares many symptoms with major depressive disorder but differs in its course with few or symptoms that remain negatively unchanged over long periods

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41
Q

What is the duration criteria for persistent depressive disorder

A

It is defined as a depressed mood that continues for at least 2 years with no symptom free time lasting more than two months

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42
Q

Don’t depressive disorder considered more severe than major depressive disorder

A

Because of the higher rates of commodity less responsiveness to treatment and a slower rate of improvement over time

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43
Q

What is double depression

A

Typically a few depressive symptoms develop first then one or more major depressive episodes occur later reverting to the underlying patterns of depression once the major depressive episode has run its course

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44
Q

Why is identifying the pattern of double depression important?

A

It is associated with more severe psychopathology and a problematic future course

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45
Q

What is the term for a condition that occurs repeatedly

A

Recurrent

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46
Q

What is persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)?

A

A persistently depressed mood with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism or despair for at least two years with no absence of symptoms for more than two

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47
Q

What are the defining specifiers for depressive disorders and why are they important

A

Features such as psychotic anxious mixed melancholic atypical catatonic peripartum onset and seasonal pattern. They are crucial because they help clinicians determine the most effective treatment or the Likely course of the disorder

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48
Q

What are psychotic features in the context of depressive disorders and how are they categorized

A

They involve hallucinations and delusions. They can be somatic nihilistic or mood congruent. Sometimes they can be mood in congruent signifying a serious type of depressive episode

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49
Q

What is the significance of psychotic features in depressive disorders

A

They are relatively rare in depression but are associated with a poor response to treatment greater impairment and fewer minimal symptom weeks over a 10-year. Compared to non-sychotic depression

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50
Q

What does the anxious distress specifier entail in depressive disorder

A

It indicates the presence and severity of accompanying anxiety whether as comorbid anxiety disorders or anxiety symptoms not meeting full criteria

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51
Q

Describe the mixed features specifier in depressive disorders

A

It refers to predominantly depressive episodes with at least three symptoms of Mania. It applies to major depressive episodes within both major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder

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52
Q

What are the melancholic features specifier and how are they associated with depressive episodes

A

The melancholic features specifier applies to major depressive episodes characterized by severe somatic symptoms like diurnal mood variation early morning waking and unhedonia the. It indicates a severe type of depressive episode that might respond predictably to somatic treatment

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53
Q

Explain the catatonic features specifier in depressive disorders

A

It involves grossly disturbed motor behavior including stupor and excitability. Catalypsy waxy flexibility and decreased sensitivity to pain or Common. It may Herald bipolar disorder and response wall to electroconvulsive therapy

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54
Q

What characterizes the atypical features specifier in depressive disorders

A

A typical features in depressive disorders deviate from typical depression symptoms including over sleeping overeating weight gain and reactive mood. Atypical depression is associated with more severe symptoms higher rates of comorbit disorders and may indicate bipolar depression

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55
Q

Define the peripartum on set specifier in depressive disorders

A

It applies to episodes occurring around childbirth. It indicates a height and risk of depression postpartum depression and even infanticide. Both mothers and fathers may experience depressive symptoms during the period okay

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56
Q

What is the seasonal pattern specifier and how does it manifest in depressive disorders

A

It applies to recurrent major depressive disorder episodes occurring during specific Seasons such as winter depression. It is associated with reduced sunlight exposure and may be treated with photo therapy or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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57
Q

How do hallucinations and delusions manifest in depressive disorders and psychotic features

A

In depressive disorders with psychotic features patients may experience hallucinations and delusions.

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58
Q

What is the significance of the anxious distress specifier in depressive disorders

A

It indicates a more severe condition predicts a poorer treatment outcome and warns of possible bipolar depression when anxiety accomes depression.

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59
Q

Describe the characteristics of depressive episodes with mixed features

A

Several symptoms of Mania alongside depressive symptoms. The specifier applies to major depressive episodes with both major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder

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60
Q

Explain the characteristics of depressive episodes with atypical features

A

Depressive episode with a typical features deviate from typical depression symptoms including over sleeping over eating weight gain and reactive mood. They are associated with more severe symptoms high rates of comorbid disorder and may indicate bipolar depression

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61
Q

What characteristics are associated with an onset of bipolar disorder before 21 years of age

A

Greater kinesity relatively poor prognosis and a stronger likelihood of the disorder running in the family of the affected individual

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62
Q

What term describes the co-occurrence of major depressive episodes and dystemia

A

Double depression

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63
Q

What is cyclothymic disorder and how does it compared to persistent depressive disorder

A

It is a milder but more chronic incarnation of bipolar disorder characterized by a chronic alternation of mood elevation and depression. It is also chronic like persistent depressive disorder but does not reach the severity of manic or major depressive episodes

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64
Q

What specifier is unique to bipolar 1 and 2 disorders and what does it entail

A

The rapid cycling specifier refers to patients Who Experience at least four manic or depressive disorders within a year which appears to be a severe variety of bipolar disorder associated with a poor response to standard treatment

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65
Q

What are some features and statistics related to rapid cycling specifier in bipolar disorder

A

Rapid cycling is more characteristic of bipolar 2 disorder and is associated with a higher probability of suicide attempts more severe depressive episodes and treatment resistance

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66
Q

How do concurrent personality disorders differ between early onset persistent depressive disorder and major depressive disorder

A

There is greater prevalence of concurrent personality disorders in patients with early onset persistent depressive disorder than in patients with major depressive disorder

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67
Q

How does the severity and recovery of double depression compared to non-conic major depressive disorder over 10 years

A

The double depression group starts off more severe recovers from its major depressive episode but remains the most severely depressed after 10 years. The non chronic major depressive disorder group shows the most recovery

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68
Q

Why is it important to consider kinesity or persistence when diagnosing depressive disorders

A

It is crucial for accurately diagnosing depressive disorders and planning effective treatment

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69
Q

What are common symptoms of acute grief within the first six to 12 months after a loss

A
  1. strong feelings of yearning
  2. deep sadness
  3. struggle to accept the reality of death
  4. somatic distress
  5. feeling disconnected from the world
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70
Q

What are normal symptoms of integrated grief

A

The sense of adjustment to the loss restored interest and sense of purpose persistent feelings of emotional loneliness background feelings of sadness accessible beta sweet Memories of the deceased and occasional hallucinatory experiences

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71
Q

Complicated grief

A

It is defined by persistent intense symptoms of acute grief and excessive or distracting concerns about the circumstances or consequences of the death

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72
Q

What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder(pmdd)

A

It is characterized by severe mood l a b i l i t y anxiety and physical symptoms associated with incapacitation before the menses

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73
Q

What distinguishes disruptive mood does regulation disorder from bipolar disorder in children

A

Disruptive mood disregulation disorder is characterized by chronic negative moods such as anger and irritability without a company Mania unlike bipolar disorder

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74
Q

What is the risk of misagnosing children with chronic irritability and mood disregulation

A

There’s a risk that these children might be missed diagnosed with bipolar disorder or conduct disorder leading to inappropriate treatments that could have substantial side effects

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75
Q

What is the defining feature of bipolar disorders

A

The occurrence of Mania or hypomania which tends to recur and alternate with depressive episodes

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76
Q

What is the criteria for distinguishing between bipolar 1 and bipolar 2 disorders

A

Popular one disorder involves full manic episodes while bipolar 2 disorder involves hypomanic episodes. Both require a symptom free period of at least 2 months between episodes

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77
Q

What is cyclo t h y m i c disorder

A

It is a chronic alternation of mood elevation and depression that does not reach the severity of manic or major depressive episodes similar in ways to persistent depressive disorder

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78
Q

What is the Rapid cycling specifier in bipolar disorders

A

It refers to patients with bipolar disorder Who Experience at least four manic or depressive episodes within a year which indicates a severe variety of the disorder

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79
Q

How does the frequency of rapid-cycling change over time

A

Tends to increase in frequency over time and can reach severe States where patients cycle between Mania and depression without any break

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80
Q

What is rapid mood swimming or rapid streaming in the context of bipolar disorder

A

It refers to the direct transition from one mood state to another without any break which is a particularly treatment resistant form of bipolar disorder

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81
Q

How can antidepressant medication affect rapid cycling in bipolar disorder

A

It can increase the frequency of rapid cycling in individuals with bipolar disorder particularly ordered antidepressants like tricyclic antidepressants

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82
Q

What is Ultra rapid cycling and how does it differ from mixed manic episodes

A

It involves very frequent mood shifts that are not the same as mixed manic States which involves symptoms of both Mania and depression simultaneously

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83
Q

How effective are anticonvulsants and mood stabilizing agents for rapid cycling bipolar patients

A

Anti-convulsions and mood stabilizing agents may be more effective for rapid-cycling bipolar patients than antidepressants

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84
Q

What are recurrent strong feelings of yearning considered within the first six to 12 months after a loss

A

They are normal symptoms of acute grief

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85
Q

Are episodes of sleep sadness and crying i n t e r s p e r s e d with periods of respite and positive emotions no more within the first year of loss

A

Yes

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86
Q

What kinds of thoughts or images of the deceased are considered normal during acute grief

A

A steady stream of thoughts or images of the deceased which may be vivid or even include hallucinatory experiences of seeing or hearing the deceased on normal symptoms of acute grief

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87
Q

somatic symptoms during acute grief

A
  1. Uncontrollable sighing
  2. Loss of appetite
  3. dry mouth
  4. sleep disturbances
  5. Fatigue exhaustion
    6.restlessness
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88
Q

Is feeling disconnected from the world or other people a normal reaction during acute grief

A

Yes

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89
Q

What are the characteristics of integrated grief

A
  1. A sense of having adjusted to the loss
  2. restored interest and purpose
  3. Capacity for joy
  4. Bitter sweet Memories of the diseased
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90
Q

How does one’s capacity for joy and satisfaction change during integrated grief

A

The capacity for joy and satisfaction is restored along with the ability to function during integrated grief

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91
Q

Are Feelings of emotional loneliness expected to persist during integrated grief

A

Yes

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92
Q

How do thoughts and memories of the deceased change during integrated grief

A

Thoughts and memories of the deceased become bitter sweet but no longer dominates the mind

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93
Q

Of grief during integrated grief

A

Calendar days or other periodic reminders after loss

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94
Q

8 specifiers to describe depressive disorders

A

With:
1. Psychotic features (mood-congruent or mood incongruent)
2. Anxious distress (mild to severe)
3. Mixed features
4. Melancholic features
5. Atypical features
6. Catatonic features
7. Peri-partum onset
8. Seasonal pattern

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95
Q

Explain the psychotic features specifier

A
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96
Q

Anxious distress specifier

A
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97
Q

Mixed features specifier

A
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98
Q

Melancholic specific

A
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99
Q

Catatonic features specifier

A
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100
Q

Atypical features specifiers

A
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101
Q

Peri-partum onset specifier

A
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102
Q

Seasonal pattern specifier

A
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103
Q

What defines complicated grief

A

Complicated grief is defined by persistent intense symptoms of acute grief and thoughts feelings or behaviors reflecting excessive or attracting concerns about the circumstances or consequences of death

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104
Q

What are the two depressive disorders added to the dsm-5

A

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder(pmdd) and disruptive mode disregulation disorder

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105
Q

What kind of disorder is pmdd considered to be

A

Mood disorder

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106
Q

What differentiates pmdd from PMS

A

Pmd involves severe mood liability and anxiety that incapacitate a woman before menses where is PMS does not significantly impair functioning

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107
Q

Why was the creation of the pmdd diagnostic category controversial

A

Because some believed it would pathologize no more payments for experiences but it aims to help women suffering from a severe symptoms to receive proper treatment

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108
Q

How is pmdd characterized

A

Mood disturbances typically liability and uncomfortable physical symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle

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109
Q

What is disruptive mood disregulation disorder(dmdd)

A

It is a condition where a child has chronic negative moods such as anger and irritability without any accompanying Mania

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110
Q

What is a key difference between children with dmdd and those with bipolar disorder

A

Children with dmtd show no evidence of periods of distinct Mania or hypomania which is required for a diagnosis of bipolar disorder

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111
Q

Significant consequence of The Chronic irritability in children with dmdd

A

It is associated with substantial distress and market disruption of family life

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112
Q

What is a potential risk of misdiagnosing children with dmdd as having bipolar disorder

A

It can lead to pharmacological treatments that may pose more risks than benefits due to substantial side effects

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113
Q

How do the symptoms of dmdd differ from ADHD or conduct disorder

A

They are driven by intense negative effect and mood distribution on like the symptoms of ADHD or conduct disorder

114
Q

Why was it important to distinguish dmdd from bipolar disorder in children

A

To avoid miss diagnosis into ensure appropriate treatment as these children do not exhibit the distinct Mania required for bipolar diagnosis

115
Q

What is a key objective for treating dmdd in future

A

Developing and evaluating effective psychological and pharmacological treatments for dmdt

116
Q

How do symptoms of integrated grief differ from symptoms of acute grief

A

Integrated grief involves adjustments to the loss restored function and persistent but background feelings or sadness and longing where is acute grief involves intense and recurrent emotional and physical distress

117
Q

What are common physical symptoms associated with pmdd

A

Discomfort severe mugability and anxiety before the menses

118
Q

What is the exception in dsm-5 for mood disorders specific to a developmental stage

A

Disruptive mode disregulation disorder which can only be diagnosed up to 12 years of age

119
Q

How much depression manifest in children under 3 years of age

A

Facial expressions irritability fasiness tantrums and eating or sleeping problems

120
Q

What is the recommended diagnostic approach for preschool children with depression

A

The strict 2 week duration requirement for major depression may be set aside and a total of four symptoms rather than 5 including core symptoms like sadness irritability and hedonia may be sufficient

121
Q

How do the question terms of depression change with age and children

A

Four symptoms of depression such as unhedonia hopelessness excessive sleep and social withdrawal may become more severe with age

122
Q

What is one developmental difference in patterns of commodity between children and adults

A

Childhood depression and Mania are often associated with ADHD or conduct disorder whereas these comorbidities are less common and adults

123
Q

What behaviors might adolescence with bipolar disorder exhibit

A

Aggression impulsion sexual provocation and accident prone prone

124
Q

Why are moods disorders in children and adolescence particularly serious

A

Because of their likely long-term consequences including major depression anxiety disorders substance abuse and social impairment

125
Q

How should childhood in Adolescent depression be approached given its serious consequences

A

It should be treated immediately or prevented if possible due to its dangerous in threatening nature

126
Q

What are late onset depressions in the elderly associated with

A

Marked sleep difficulties illness anxiety disorder and agitation

127
Q

Why can it be difficult to diagnose depression in older adults

A

Because those who become physically ill or begin to show signs of dementia might also become depressed

128
Q

Which anxiety disorders are particularly common among elderly patients with depression

A

Generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder

129
Q

What must clinicians specify when diagnosing a mood disorder in elderly patients according to the dsm-5

A

The presence in severity of anxiety when diagnosing a mood disorder because of its implications for severity course and treatment

130
Q

Depression rate among women who have never previously been depressed

A

Nipples increases rates of depression among women who have never been previously depressed possibly due to biological factors like a decrease in estrogen distressing physical symptoms and other life events

131
Q

How does the affect physical disease and death in the elden

A

Depression can contribute to physical disease and death in the elderly doubling the risk of death in those who are suffered a heart attack or stroke

132
Q

How do depression rates differ between boys and girls in early childhood versus adolescence

A

In early childhood boys are more likely to be depressed than girls but an overwhelming surge of depression in Adolescent girls that persists until old age

133
Q

What is a common characteristic of anxiety across different cultures

A

Somatic (physical forms like stomach aches chest pains or headaches instead of Fear panic or general anxiety

134
Q

What social and economic conditions on reservations are related to the onset of mood disorders

A

Chronic major life stress such as appalling social and economic conditions

135
Q

What is equifinality in the context of mood disorders

A

The concept that the same product such as depression can result from many causes

136
Q

How might the cause of a depressive disorder differ between postpartum depression and depression following a romantic rejection

A

Postpartum depression arises after childbirth while depression following a romantic rejection is triggered by emotional pain despite different causes the episodes might appear similar

137
Q

What factors are implicated in the etiology of mood disorders

A

Biological psychological and social factors

138
Q

What does an integrative theory of mood disorders consider

A

The interaction of biological psychological and social dimensions noting the strong relationship between anxiety and depression

139
Q

What factors have been reviewed in the study of mood disorders

A

Genetic and biological factors including neurotransmitters and the endocrine system sleep and circadian rhythms and brain activity associated with depression

140
Q

What is the most striking unique contribution to the etiology of psychological disorders

A

Stress and trauma

141
Q

What model is widely adopted to explain the onset of psychological disorders

A

Diathesis-stress model

142
Q

What influences how individuals react to stressful life events

A

The context of the event and its personal meaning

143
Q

How do current moons distort memories in the context of studying depression

A

People may remember events differently depending on their current mood making it difficult to get accurate retrospective reports

144
Q

What method do investigators use to more accurately study the relationship between life events and depression

A

Following people of prospectively to determine the nature of events and their relation to psychopathology

145
Q

How do genetically based personality characteristics influence the likelihood of depression

A

They may lead individuals to seek difficult relationship which increased the risk of depression

146
Q

What does the Gene environment correlation model suggest about stressful life events and depression

A

Are genetic endowment might increase the probability that we will experience stress where life events that lead to depression

147
Q

What is the reciprocal model in the context of depression and stressful events

A

It’s suggests that stress triggers depression and depressed individuals creator or are attached to stressful events and both processes can occur in the same individual

148
Q

What does the reciprocal model indicate about the truth of causes of depression

A

Truth lies somewhere between the views of stress triggering depression and depressed individual creating stressful events

149
Q

What is the d i a t h e s i s stress model of psychopathology

A

It is a model that explains psychological disorders is a result of the interaction between a predispositional vulnerability (dia t h e s i s) and stressful life events

150
Q

What is a stronger predictor for initial episodes of depression compared to recurrent episodes

A

Major life stress

151
Q

How do severe life stress and depression relate to treatment and remission

A

Severe life stress before or early in an episode predict a poorer response to treatment a longer time before remission and degrades are likelihood of your Currents

152
Q

How do genetic endowment and stressful life events interact in the Gene-environment correlation model

A

Genetic endowment may increase the likelihood of experiencing stressful life events that trigger depression

153
Q

What complicates the study of life events and their impact on depression

A

The subject of nature of personal experiences the context of events and the individual differences in interpreting and reacting to those events

154
Q

What types of life events typically trigger a mania in individuals with bipologist order

A

Positive life events associated with striving to achieve important goals such as job promotions getting married or striving for popularity and financial success

155
Q

How does the progression of bipolar disorder affect the relationship between stress and episodes

A

Initially stress triggers Mania and depression but as the disorder progresses episodes seem to develop independently of external stressors

156
Q

What psychological Factor is important in depression and is linked to a ceiling loss of control

A

Learned helplessness

157
Q

What is the basic premise of learned helplessness

A

People become anxious and depressed when they believe they have no control over the stress of their lives

158
Q

What is the depressive attributional style according to Seligman’s Theory

A

The depressive attributional style is characterized by internal, stable and global attributions for negative events

159
Q

How do humans react similarly to animals in the helplessness experiment

A

Humans just like animals become anxious and depressed when they feel they have no control over stresses in their lives

160
Q

How do early negative events in childhood affect cognitive Styles and vulnerability to depression

A

They may lead to negative attributional styles making children more vulnerable to future depressive episodes when stressful events occur

161
Q

How often do negative cognitive Styles relate to depression and and anxiety disorders

A

Negative conscious Styles preced and are risk factors for both depression and anxiety disorders indicating a non-specific vulnerability to this conditions

162
Q

How does Beck’s cognitive theory explain the development of depression

A

Depression results for maternity to interpret everyday events in a negative way making the worst of everything

163
Q

What are arbitrary inference and over generalization in Beck cognitive Theory

A

Arbitrary inference is emphasizing the negative aspects of a situation while over generalizing involves making broad negative conclusions based on a single event

164
Q

What is the depressive cognitive triad

A

Consists of negative thoughts about oneself the world and the future

165
Q

What are negative schemas in Beck’s cognitive Theory

A

deep seated negative cognitive belief systems about some aspect of life such as self-being and negative self-evaluation schemas

166
Q

How do minor negative events affect individuals with negative cognitive Style

A

Manual negative events can lead to major depressive episodes due to automatic negative cognitive processing

167
Q

What evidence supports the cognitive theory of depression

A

Depressed individuals consistently exhibit more negative thinking across the dimensions of the cognitive triad (solve world and future) than none depressed individuals

168
Q

How can recognizing cognitive errors and schema’s help in treating depression

A

By correcting cognitive errors and underlying schemers it is possible to alleviate depression and related emotional disorders

169
Q

How do cognitive Styles in individuals with bipolar disorder differ from those in depression

A

Individuals with bipolar disorder exhibit cognitive Styles characterized by ambitious goals driving perfectionism and self criticism in addition to depressive cognitive Styles

170
Q

What is the implication of cognitive theories in understanding emotional disorders

A

Cognitive Theory suggests that recognizing and correcting negative cognitive Styles can significantly improve emotional disorders including depression and anxiety

171
Q

How do negative cognitive Styles affect memory recall in depressed individuals

A

Depressed individuals are more likely to recall negative events when they are depressed compared to when they are not and more so than non-depressed individuals

172
Q

How do stressful events relate to the onset of episodes in bipolar disorder

A

Stressful events strongly relate to the onset of bipolar disorder episodes triggering both depressive and manic episodes

173
Q

How do stress in the progression of bipolar disorder interact

A

Stress triggers Mania and depression but is bipolar disorder progresses episodes develop independently sustaining the disorder

174
Q

What is the relationship between stressful life events and the development of mood disorders

A

While significant stressful events can precipitate mood disorders many people experiencing such events do not develop with them indicating a need for vulnerability factors

175
Q

What psychological Factor leads to learn helplessness

A

The feeling of loss of control over stress

176
Q

What is the depressive attributional Style

A

cognitive style where one attributes negative events to personal failings (internal)

177
Q

How does learned helplessness relate to depression

A

It may lead to depression if individuals develop a negative attribution of style that predisposes them to depressive episodes

178
Q

What are soft blame and negative self-evaluation schemas

A

Self-plane schema makes the individual feel personally responsible for every bad event and negative self-evaluation schema them to believe they can never do anything correctly

179
Q

How do cognitive errors and schema operate in depressed individuals

A

They are automatic and often unconscious leading to consistently negative thoughts that can trigger and maintain depression

180
Q

How do se l i g m a n and b e c e theories of cognitive vulnerability for depression differ and overlap

A

Seligman Focuses on hopelessness and lack of control while Becky emphasizes negative thoughts. Both agree that cognitive vulnerabilities predisposed individuals to depression

181
Q

How can cognitive vulnerability to depression be contagious

A

Individuals can develop similar cognitive Styles and depressive symptoms if they are in close contact with someone who has high vulnerability to depression

182
Q

How does marital split affect men and women differently in terms of depression and risk

A

Men are at a higher risk of developing a mood disorder for the first time immediately following a marital split compared to women

183
Q

What implication does depression have on marital relationships for men and women

A

Depression causes men to withdraw disrupting relationships while relationships problems often cause depression in women

184
Q

Why is treating disturbed marital relationships important in mood disorder therapy

A

Treating the mood disorder and marital issues simultaneously can improve treatment success and prevent future relapses

185
Q

How does the prevalence of disorders differ between men and women

A

Major depressive disorder and d y s t h y m i a are more prevalent in women while bipolar disorder is equally divided between genders

186
Q

What societal factors contribute to higher rate of mood disorders in women

A

Cultural gender roles discrimination in Greater sensitivity to relationship disruptions

187
Q

How do parenting Styles influence the development of psychological vulnerabilities children

A

Overprotective and smothering parenting Styles can prevent children from developing initiative increasing their risk for anxiety and depression

188
Q

How does puberty affect the emergence of depression in girls

A

Early physical maturation and stressful transitions such as entering a new school can increase distress and depression in Adolescent girls

189
Q

What role does rumination play in gender differences in depression

A

Women tend to ruminate and blame themselves more than men which can predict the later development of depression under stress

190
Q

How do men’s typical response to stress differ from women’s in terms of depression

A

Men of an ignore their feelings and engage in distracting activities which can be therapeutic and reduce the risk of depression

191
Q

What is the integrative theory of mood disorders

A

It’s suggests that depression and anxiety share a common genetic vulnerability influenced by psychological and life experiences leading to mood disorders

192
Q

How do stressful life events interact with genetic vulnerabilities in mood disorders

A

Stressful events trigger the onset of depression in individuals with genetic and psychological vulnerabilities particularly for initial episodes

193
Q

What wrong do stress hormones play in mood disorders

A

Stress hormones activated by stressful events affect neurotransmitters systems contributing to the development of mood disorders

194
Q

How do interpersonal relationships influence mood disorders

A

Positive interpersonal relationships can protect against stress and more disorders while disruptions can trigger depressive episodes

195
Q

What unique factors contribute to the activation of manic episodes in bipolar disorder

A

positive life events and disruptions in circadian rhythms due to an overly active behavioral approach system

196
Q

What are the three key factors influencing the development of mood disorders

A

Biological psychological and social factors

197
Q

How do biological treatments for mood disorder work

A

Biological treatments like antidepressants or electroconvulsive therapy altar neurotransmitter systems to relieve symptoms of mood disorders

198
Q

What is cognitive therapy

A

It is a treatment approach that involves identifying an altering negative thinking Styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes

199
Q

What are depressed patients taught in cognitive therapy

A

Two examine their thought process well depressed and recognize depressive errors in thinking

200
Q

Is it important to identify errors in thinking in cognitive therapy

A

Because errors in thinking can directly cause depression

201
Q

What does treatment in cognitive therapy involve

A

Relating cognitive errors in the substituting less depressing and more realistic thoughts and appraisals

202
Q

What are underlying negative cognitive schemers

A

Characteristic ways of viewing the world that specific cognitive errors

203
Q

What is the role of the therapist in cognitive therapy

A

To take the Socratic approach making it clear that the therapist and patient work as a team to uncover faulty thinking patterns

204
Q

What are two major approaches to effective psychological treatments

A

Behavioral approach and interpersonal psychotherapy

205
Q

What is the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis system of psychotherapy (cbasp)

A

It is a treatment that integrates Cognitive Behavioral and interpersonal strategies and focus on problem solving skills particularly in important relationships

206
Q

What is mindfulness based cognitive therapy(mbct)

A

therapy that integrates meditation with cognitive therapy to prevent relapse in patients who are in remission from depression

207
Q

What is the new focus of jacobson’s behavioral treatment approach

A

Preventing avoidance of social and environmental Cues that produce negative effect or depression and helping individuals face these cues

208
Q

How effective is programmed aerobic exercise in treating depression

A

It is as effective as antidepressant medication and better at preventing Relapse particularly if patients continue exercising

209
Q

Is the impact of exercise on the hippo campus

A

It increases neurogenesis in the hippocampus which is associated with resilience to depression

210
Q

What does interpersonal psychotherapy (ipt) focus on

A

Resolving problems in existing relationships and learning to form important new interpersonal relationships

211
Q

What are four interpersonal concerns addressed in ipt

A
  1. Interpersonal role disputes 2. adjusting to the loss of a relationship
  2. acquiring new relationships
  3. Correcting the deficits social skills
212
Q

What is the first stage of resolving an interpersonal dispute in ipt

A

The negotiation stage where both partners are aware of the dispute in our trying to renegotiate it

213
Q

What is the I m p a s s e stage in resolving an interpersonal dispute in ipt

A

The dispute smolders beneath the surface resulting in low-level resentment but no attempts are made to resolve it

214
Q

What is the resolution stage in resolving an interpersonal dispute in ipt

A

The partners take some action such as divorce separation or recommeting to a marriage

215
Q

How do cognitive therapy and ipt compare with antidepressant medications

A

Both psychological approaches and medication are equally effective immediately following treatment and more effective than Placebo conditions

216
Q

How does ipt help women with postpartum depression

A

Ipt has positive effects and is a worthwhile strategy for women reluctant to take medication due to breastfeeding

217
Q

What are the three types of preventive programs delineated by the Institute of medicine

A
  1. Universal programs
  2. Selected interventions
  3. Indicated interventions
218
Q

What is the potential of teaching appropriate Cognitive and social skills to at risk children and adolescence

A

It might be possible to psychologically immunize them against depression before they enter puberty

219
Q

How does living with a depressed parent affect the efficacy of preventive programs for adolescence

A

It lessens the power of preventive programs to some degree suggesting the need for coordinated family treatment

220
Q

What has research shown about preventing depression in older adults and posts stroke patients

A

It is possible to prevent depression in these high risk groups

221
Q

What is a mood stabilizer

A

Is a psycho pharmacological agent that prevents intense shifts in mood preventing both Mania and depression without inducing the opposite mood Pole

222
Q

What is the primary use of stabilizers

A

Are you spend the treatment of mood disorders particularly bipolar disorder to prevent and treat pathological shifts in mood

223
Q

How does a mood stabilizer differ from antidepressants and antipsychotics

A

Mood Stabilizers do not induce Mania or depression while depressants may induce Mania and anticyclotics may induced depression

224
Q

What are the therapeutic properties of lithium

A

Lithium is an antimanic agent that prevents bipolar recurrences and has recognizable unto depressant properties

225
Q

Why is lithium considered the gold standard in managing by polar one disorder

A

Despite its effectiveness it has important side effects and requires careful dosage regulation to prevent toxicity

226
Q

What are some potential side effects of lithium

A

Lord thyroid functioning dehydration weight gain cardiac conduction problems renal failure seizures, death

227
Q

What major advantage does lithium have over psychotropic agents

A

It reduces the risk of suicide

228
Q

Why might some patients be unable to use lithium

A

They might not respond to lithium or find it and tolerable or have physical conditions that preclude its use

229
Q

What are some commonly used anti-convulsant mood stabilizers

A

Sodium vaporate (epilim) valproic acid lamictin and tegretol

230
Q

How does bipolar 2 disorder respond to anticonvulsant mood stabilization compared to lithium

A

Bipolar 2 disorder responds more favorably to anticonvulsant mood stabilization than to lithium

231
Q

long-term risks associated with second generation antipsychotic agents in bipolar disorders

A

Obesity and metabolic syndrome

232
Q

What is a significant disadvantage to anticonvalent mood stabilizers compared to lithium

A

There are less effective than lithium and preventing suicide

233
Q

What is recommended for almost anyone with recurrent manic episodes

A

Maintenance on lithium or related agents to prevent relapse

234
Q

Why do people with bipolar disorder often stop taking maintenance treatment

A

Because they like the euphoria that Mania produces

235
Q

What methods are used to increase compliance with bipolar disorder treatment

A

Psychological treatments

236
Q

Why is psychological intervention important in the treatment of bipolar disorder

A

To manage interpersonal and practical problems resulting from the disorder

237
Q

What is interpersonal and social rhythm therapy(ipsrt)

A

A psychological treatment that helps patients regulate their eating and sleeping Cycles and cope more effectively with stressful life events

238
Q

What is associated with Relapse in bipologist order

A

Family tension

239
Q

Family Focus treatment combined with medication

A

It results insignificantly less relapse 1 year following treatment initiation compared to crisis management and medication

240
Q

What is effective for bipolar patients with rapid cycling feature

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

241
Q

What is the world Health organizations( w h o) definition of suicide

A

Any death resulting from an injury or other act that is self-inflicted with the intention to die

242
Q

What factors should research focus on to better understand suicide risk

A

Social cultural diversity high prevalence of violence challenges of transformation unmet political expectations inequality unemployment poverty and inadequate access to Quality health care

243
Q

What is a psychological autopsy

A

It is a postmortem psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed from interviews with people who knew the person before death

244
Q

What biological Factor is associated with the increased risk of suicide

A

Low central nervous system serotonin activity

245
Q

What specific component of depression strongly predict suicide

A

Hopelessness

246
Q

What predicted suicide doll ideation

A

Depression combined with impulse control problems and anxiety or agitation

247
Q

How do severe stressful events contribute to the risk of suicide

A

They are experienced is shameful or humiliating such as failure at school or work and unexpected arrest or rejection by a loved one

248
Q

What is a significant risk factor for suicide that must be taken seriously

A

Past suicide attempts

249
Q

What was the bereavement exclusion prior to dsm-5

A

A period or 2 months following a lost during which a diagnosis of major depressive disorder would not be made except in cases of severe symptoms like strong suicidal ideation or psychotic features

250
Q

Does the bereavement exclusion dropped in the dsm-5

A

Major depressive episodes can be triggered by other events other than loss and the criteria for such episodes are the same with a triggered by loss or not

251
Q

Why was the removal for the bereavement exclusion controversial

A

Some argued that it pathologized the natural grieving process and could lead to over prescription of antidepressants

252
Q

What is 1 criticism of dsm-5 regarding the bereavement exclusion

A

Some critics suggests that the dsm-5 aims to increase business for mental health professionals and pharmaceutical companies

253
Q

What do advocates for dropping the bereavement exclusion argue

A

That major depressive disorder or PTSD resulting from other major livestresses is not controversial so neither should be depression following the loss of loved one

254
Q

How do advocates differentiate between grief and major depressive disorder

A

Grief involves waves of emptiness and loss triggered by thoughts of the did whereas major depressive episodes lack positive emotions with pessimistic thought processes and low self-esteem

255
Q

Why do some mental health professionals propose not considering intense sadness or stress as a disorder

A

There argue that such experiences are part of Being Human and proportional to the loss or trauma experienced

256
Q

What are two fundamental experiences contributing to mood disorders

A

A major depressive episode and Mania

257
Q

What is a hypomanic episode

A

It is a less severe episode of manya that does not cause impairment in social or occupational functioning

258
Q

Define a mixed episode or mixed state

A

It is an episode of Mania coupled with anxiety or depression

259
Q

Unipolar disorder

A

Episodes of depression only

260
Q

How is bipolar disorder characterized

A

By alternating between depression and Mania or hypomania

261
Q

What’s the difference between major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder

A

Major depressive disorder is time limited persistent depressive disorder involves symptoms that remain relatively unchanged over long periods

262
Q

What is the key identifying feature of bipolar disorders

A

The occurrence of repeated episodes of mood disturbances often alternating between manic or hypomanic and major depressive episodes

263
Q

Cyclothermic disorder

A

A milder but more chronic version of bipolar disorder characterized by minor depression and hypomania

264
Q

What do specifiers in mood disorders predict

A

They may predict the course or patient response to treatment

265
Q

What are two psychological theories of depression

A

Learned helplessness and depressive cognitive schemas

266
Q

What is one treatment for depression when other methods fail

A

Electroconvulsive therapy ECT

267
Q

What are common antidepressant agents

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRI

268
Q

What are some triggers for mood disorders

A

Negative or positive life changes and physical illness

269
Q

What are the two fundamental experiences people with mood disorders may experience

A

Mania depression

270
Q

What two psychological treatments are effective for depressive disorders

A

Cognitive therapy and interpersonal therapy

271
Q

What are the three indices important in understanding suicide over behavior

A

Suicidal ideation plans and attempts

272
Q

What is the psychological autopsy used for

A

To reconstruct the psychological profile of an individual who has committed suicide

273
Q

What is light therapy

A

It is for seasonal affective disorder

274
Q

What are the temporary side effects of electroconvulsive therapy ECT

A

Memory loss

275
Q

State 5 treatments for mood disorders

A

Medication including antidepressants SSRI SRi tca’s Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT interpersonal psychotherapy electroconvulsive therapy ECT and light therapy

276
Q

What may happen to a person during the Manic phase

A
  • extreme pleasure and joy from every activity
  • extraordinarily active
    -sleep little without getting tired
  • racing thoughts and rapid speech
277
Q

What are the three types of bipolar disorders

A

Popular one bipolar 2 and cyclothymia

278
Q

What happens to a person during a depressive phase

A

The May lose interest in pleasurable activities and Friends they may feel worthless helpless or hopeless they may have trouble concentrating them may Lose or gain weight without trying they may have trouble sleeping say my feel tired all the time feel physical aches and pains that have no medical cause or think about death and suicide

279
Q

What are the three types of depression

A

Major depressive disorder persisted depressive disorder dysthymia and double depression

280
Q

What are the symptoms of major depressive disorder

A
  1. Being suddenly triggered by crisis, change or loss
  2. they are extremely severe interfering with normal functioning
  3. can be long-term lasting months or years if untreated
281
Q

What characterizes Mania

A

Hyperactivity and reckless or unusual behavior

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