Chapter 7 Flashcards
What does OCD relate to?
Subcortial neutral networks involving the Basal Ganglia- the striatum and its connections with the frontal cortex
4 types of obsessions and associated compulsions, classify into ‘Symptom subtype, obsession and compulsion’
S.S- Symetry, exactness.
O-needing things to be symmetrical or aligned and doing things over and over until it feels just right.
C- repeating riuals and putting things I certain order
S.S- forbidden thoughts of action. O-Fears and urges to harm sel or others, fears of offending God. C- checking, avoidance, repeated requests for reassurance.
S.S- cleaning/contamination. O-germs, fear of germs and contamination.
C- repetitive or excessive washing using gloves/ masks to do daily tasks
S.S-hoarding
O- Feae of throwing anything away
C-collecting/saving objects with little/ no actual or sentimental value
Why is it difficult to understand mood disorders
Because feelings of Joy and depression are universal
What accompanies depression as an expression of illness
A number of associated psychological and physical symptoms
What are common consequences of mood disorders
Suffering and distress and the erode the quality of life sometimes leading to tragic consequences
What is needed to counter the effects of mood disorders
A sound understanding of what informs would disorders
What topics are covered in the description of mood disorders
How various emotional experiences and symptoms interrelates to produce specific mood disorders details descriptions of different mood disorders they’re defining features the relationship of anxiety and depression the causes and treatment of moody disorders and a discussion of suicide
What did the term folie circulaire (circular madness) emphasize
The occurrence of periods of depression and Mania in patients afflicted by the condition introducing the concept of bipolar mood disturbance (opposite of unipolar mood disturbance)
Who distinguished schizophrenia from manic depressive illness and what was his contribution
Emil k r a e p e l i n distinguished schizophrenia (dementia precox) from manic depressive illness and introduced a systematized approach to these conditions
What is manic depressive illness
It is a recurrent biphasic mood disturbance with distinct episodes of depression, mania or a mixture of the two
Distinguish unipolar depression from bipolar disorder
Unipolar depression- by a single or recurrent episode of depression bipolar disorder- episodes of both depression and Mania or hypomania
What is the most commonly diagnosed major mood disturbance
Major depressive episode
What are the key features of a major depressive episode according to the dsm-5
- An extremely depressed mood state (2+ weeks) cognitive symptoms
- Disturbed neurovegetative function
- general loss of interest in life
What is anhedonia
It is the inability to experience pleasure which is associated with some mood and schizophrenic disorders
How long does an untreated major depressive episode typically last
4 to 9 months
What defines the existence of a major depressive disorder
The occurrence of one major depressive episode conforming to the diagnostic criteria
What are the characteristics of Mania
- extreme pleasure in every activity
- hyperactive and require little sleep
- may develop grandiose plans
- rapid thinking and speech
Dsm 5 criteria for mania
What characterizes a hypermanic episode
Less severe version of a manic episode that does not cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning and loss at least for days
bipolar 1 disorder
- occurrence of one manic or mixed manic episode often recurrent or alternating with major depressive episodes
Define Bipolar II disorder
It is characterized by the occurrence of hypermanic episodes frequently alternating with major depressive episodes
What is cyclothymic disorder
It is a chronic mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevations and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes
What characterizes a unipolar mood disorder
There mood only remains at one Pole of the usual depression Mania Continuum
Why is unipolar Mania rare
Because people who develop it eventually develop depressive episodes
What is bipolar mood disorder
It is when someone alternates between depression and Mania traveling from one pole of the depression elation Continuum to the other and back again
Why is the concept of bipolar mood disorder somewhat misleading
Because depression and elation might not be at exactly opposite ends of the same mood state their often relatively independent
What is characterized by mixed features in mood disorders
An episode where an individual experiences manic symptoms but feels distressed or anxious or is depressed with a few symptoms of Mania
What does the dsm-5 specify about mixed features in mood episodes
Dsm-5 requires specifying whether a predominantly manic or predominantly depressive episode is present and noting if an adequate number of symptoms of the opposite polarity are present to meet the mixed features criteria
Why is it important to determine the course or temporal patterning of depressive or manic episodes
Because patterns are recurrence and remittance contribute to a decisions on which diagnosis guides management
What are the goals of treating mood disorders
To relieve the current depressive episode
prevent future manic or depressive episodes
What is the aim of long-term management in mood disorders
prevention of future episodes
What is unipolar mood disorder
It is characterized by depression or Mania but not both with most cases involving unipolar depression
What are mixed features in mood disorders (dysphoric manic episodes or mixed manic episodes)
When individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time
What types of depressive disorders does the dsm-5 describe
Several types of depressive disorders that differ in frequency and severity of symptoms the course of symptoms in the likelihood of becoming chronic
What two factors most importantly describe mood disorders
Severity and chronicity
What defines major depressive disorder
It is defined by the occurrence of a major depressive episode in the absence of Mania or hypomania during the course of the condition
what defines major depressive disorder as recurrent
It is recurrent if two or more major depressive episodes occur and are separated by at least 2 months during which the individual is not depressed
What is the significance of recurrence in major depressive disorder
It is important in projecting the future course of the disorder and in choosing appropriate treatments
How long do recurrent major depressive episodes usually last
Between 4 to 5 months
What differentiates persistent depressive disorder ( dysthymia) from major depressive disorder
Persistent depressive disorder shares many symptoms with major depressive disorder but differs in its course with few or symptoms that remain negatively unchanged over long periods
What is the duration criteria for persistent depressive disorder
It is defined as a depressed mood that continues for at least 2 years with no symptom free time lasting more than two months
Don’t depressive disorder considered more severe than major depressive disorder
Because of the higher rates of commodity less responsiveness to treatment and a slower rate of improvement over time
What is double depression
Typically a few depressive symptoms develop first then one or more major depressive episodes occur later reverting to the underlying patterns of depression once the major depressive episode has run its course
Why is identifying the pattern of double depression important?
It is associated with more severe psychopathology and a problematic future course
What is the term for a condition that occurs repeatedly
Recurrent
What is persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)?
A persistently depressed mood with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism or despair for at least two years with no absence of symptoms for more than two
What are the defining specifiers for depressive disorders and why are they important
Features such as psychotic anxious mixed melancholic atypical catatonic peripartum onset and seasonal pattern. They are crucial because they help clinicians determine the most effective treatment or the Likely course of the disorder
What are psychotic features in the context of depressive disorders and how are they categorized
They involve hallucinations and delusions. They can be somatic nihilistic or mood congruent. Sometimes they can be mood in congruent signifying a serious type of depressive episode
What is the significance of psychotic features in depressive disorders
They are relatively rare in depression but are associated with a poor response to treatment greater impairment and fewer minimal symptom weeks over a 10-year. Compared to non-sychotic depression
What does the anxious distress specifier entail in depressive disorder
It indicates the presence and severity of accompanying anxiety whether as comorbid anxiety disorders or anxiety symptoms not meeting full criteria
Describe the mixed features specifier in depressive disorders
It refers to predominantly depressive episodes with at least three symptoms of Mania. It applies to major depressive episodes within both major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder
What are the melancholic features specifier and how are they associated with depressive episodes
The melancholic features specifier applies to major depressive episodes characterized by severe somatic symptoms like diurnal mood variation early morning waking and unhedonia the. It indicates a severe type of depressive episode that might respond predictably to somatic treatment
Explain the catatonic features specifier in depressive disorders
It involves grossly disturbed motor behavior including stupor and excitability. Catalypsy waxy flexibility and decreased sensitivity to pain or Common. It may Herald bipolar disorder and response wall to electroconvulsive therapy
What characterizes the atypical features specifier in depressive disorders
A typical features in depressive disorders deviate from typical depression symptoms including over sleeping overeating weight gain and reactive mood. Atypical depression is associated with more severe symptoms higher rates of comorbit disorders and may indicate bipolar depression
Define the peripartum on set specifier in depressive disorders
It applies to episodes occurring around childbirth. It indicates a height and risk of depression postpartum depression and even infanticide. Both mothers and fathers may experience depressive symptoms during the period okay
What is the seasonal pattern specifier and how does it manifest in depressive disorders
It applies to recurrent major depressive disorder episodes occurring during specific Seasons such as winter depression. It is associated with reduced sunlight exposure and may be treated with photo therapy or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
How do hallucinations and delusions manifest in depressive disorders and psychotic features
In depressive disorders with psychotic features patients may experience hallucinations and delusions.
What is the significance of the anxious distress specifier in depressive disorders
It indicates a more severe condition predicts a poorer treatment outcome and warns of possible bipolar depression when anxiety accomes depression.
Describe the characteristics of depressive episodes with mixed features
Several symptoms of Mania alongside depressive symptoms. The specifier applies to major depressive episodes with both major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder
Explain the characteristics of depressive episodes with atypical features
Depressive episode with a typical features deviate from typical depression symptoms including over sleeping over eating weight gain and reactive mood. They are associated with more severe symptoms high rates of comorbid disorder and may indicate bipolar depression
What characteristics are associated with an onset of bipolar disorder before 21 years of age
Greater kinesity relatively poor prognosis and a stronger likelihood of the disorder running in the family of the affected individual
What term describes the co-occurrence of major depressive episodes and dystemia
Double depression
What is cyclothymic disorder and how does it compared to persistent depressive disorder
It is a milder but more chronic incarnation of bipolar disorder characterized by a chronic alternation of mood elevation and depression. It is also chronic like persistent depressive disorder but does not reach the severity of manic or major depressive episodes
What specifier is unique to bipolar 1 and 2 disorders and what does it entail
The rapid cycling specifier refers to patients Who Experience at least four manic or depressive disorders within a year which appears to be a severe variety of bipolar disorder associated with a poor response to standard treatment
What are some features and statistics related to rapid cycling specifier in bipolar disorder
Rapid cycling is more characteristic of bipolar 2 disorder and is associated with a higher probability of suicide attempts more severe depressive episodes and treatment resistance
How do concurrent personality disorders differ between early onset persistent depressive disorder and major depressive disorder
There is greater prevalence of concurrent personality disorders in patients with early onset persistent depressive disorder than in patients with major depressive disorder
How does the severity and recovery of double depression compared to non-conic major depressive disorder over 10 years
The double depression group starts off more severe recovers from its major depressive episode but remains the most severely depressed after 10 years. The non chronic major depressive disorder group shows the most recovery
Why is it important to consider kinesity or persistence when diagnosing depressive disorders
It is crucial for accurately diagnosing depressive disorders and planning effective treatment
What are common symptoms of acute grief within the first six to 12 months after a loss
- strong feelings of yearning
- deep sadness
- struggle to accept the reality of death
- somatic distress
- feeling disconnected from the world
What are normal symptoms of integrated grief
The sense of adjustment to the loss restored interest and sense of purpose persistent feelings of emotional loneliness background feelings of sadness accessible beta sweet Memories of the deceased and occasional hallucinatory experiences
Complicated grief
It is defined by persistent intense symptoms of acute grief and excessive or distracting concerns about the circumstances or consequences of the death
What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder(pmdd)
It is characterized by severe mood l a b i l i t y anxiety and physical symptoms associated with incapacitation before the menses
What distinguishes disruptive mood does regulation disorder from bipolar disorder in children
Disruptive mood disregulation disorder is characterized by chronic negative moods such as anger and irritability without a company Mania unlike bipolar disorder
What is the risk of misagnosing children with chronic irritability and mood disregulation
There’s a risk that these children might be missed diagnosed with bipolar disorder or conduct disorder leading to inappropriate treatments that could have substantial side effects
What is the defining feature of bipolar disorders
The occurrence of Mania or hypomania which tends to recur and alternate with depressive episodes
What is the criteria for distinguishing between bipolar 1 and bipolar 2 disorders
Popular one disorder involves full manic episodes while bipolar 2 disorder involves hypomanic episodes. Both require a symptom free period of at least 2 months between episodes
What is cyclo t h y m i c disorder
It is a chronic alternation of mood elevation and depression that does not reach the severity of manic or major depressive episodes similar in ways to persistent depressive disorder
What is the Rapid cycling specifier in bipolar disorders
It refers to patients with bipolar disorder Who Experience at least four manic or depressive episodes within a year which indicates a severe variety of the disorder
How does the frequency of rapid-cycling change over time
Tends to increase in frequency over time and can reach severe States where patients cycle between Mania and depression without any break
What is rapid mood swimming or rapid streaming in the context of bipolar disorder
It refers to the direct transition from one mood state to another without any break which is a particularly treatment resistant form of bipolar disorder
How can antidepressant medication affect rapid cycling in bipolar disorder
It can increase the frequency of rapid cycling in individuals with bipolar disorder particularly ordered antidepressants like tricyclic antidepressants
What is Ultra rapid cycling and how does it differ from mixed manic episodes
It involves very frequent mood shifts that are not the same as mixed manic States which involves symptoms of both Mania and depression simultaneously
How effective are anticonvulsants and mood stabilizing agents for rapid cycling bipolar patients
Anti-convulsions and mood stabilizing agents may be more effective for rapid-cycling bipolar patients than antidepressants
What are recurrent strong feelings of yearning considered within the first six to 12 months after a loss
They are normal symptoms of acute grief
Are episodes of sleep sadness and crying i n t e r s p e r s e d with periods of respite and positive emotions no more within the first year of loss
Yes
What kinds of thoughts or images of the deceased are considered normal during acute grief
A steady stream of thoughts or images of the deceased which may be vivid or even include hallucinatory experiences of seeing or hearing the deceased on normal symptoms of acute grief
somatic symptoms during acute grief
- Uncontrollable sighing
- Loss of appetite
- dry mouth
- sleep disturbances
- Fatigue exhaustion
6.restlessness
Is feeling disconnected from the world or other people a normal reaction during acute grief
Yes
What are the characteristics of integrated grief
- A sense of having adjusted to the loss
- restored interest and purpose
- Capacity for joy
- Bitter sweet Memories of the diseased
How does one’s capacity for joy and satisfaction change during integrated grief
The capacity for joy and satisfaction is restored along with the ability to function during integrated grief
Are Feelings of emotional loneliness expected to persist during integrated grief
Yes
How do thoughts and memories of the deceased change during integrated grief
Thoughts and memories of the deceased become bitter sweet but no longer dominates the mind
Of grief during integrated grief
Calendar days or other periodic reminders after loss
8 specifiers to describe depressive disorders
With:
1. Psychotic features (mood-congruent or mood incongruent)
2. Anxious distress (mild to severe)
3. Mixed features
4. Melancholic features
5. Atypical features
6. Catatonic features
7. Peri-partum onset
8. Seasonal pattern
Explain the psychotic features specifier
Anxious distress specifier
Mixed features specifier
Melancholic specific
Catatonic features specifier
Atypical features specifiers
Peri-partum onset specifier
Seasonal pattern specifier
What defines complicated grief
Complicated grief is defined by persistent intense symptoms of acute grief and thoughts feelings or behaviors reflecting excessive or attracting concerns about the circumstances or consequences of death
What are the two depressive disorders added to the dsm-5
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder(pmdd) and disruptive mode disregulation disorder
What kind of disorder is pmdd considered to be
Mood disorder
What differentiates pmdd from PMS
Pmd involves severe mood liability and anxiety that incapacitate a woman before menses where is PMS does not significantly impair functioning
Why was the creation of the pmdd diagnostic category controversial
Because some believed it would pathologize no more payments for experiences but it aims to help women suffering from a severe symptoms to receive proper treatment
How is pmdd characterized
Mood disturbances typically liability and uncomfortable physical symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle
What is disruptive mood disregulation disorder(dmdd)
It is a condition where a child has chronic negative moods such as anger and irritability without any accompanying Mania
What is a key difference between children with dmdd and those with bipolar disorder
Children with dmtd show no evidence of periods of distinct Mania or hypomania which is required for a diagnosis of bipolar disorder
Significant consequence of The Chronic irritability in children with dmdd
It is associated with substantial distress and market disruption of family life
What is a potential risk of misdiagnosing children with dmdd as having bipolar disorder
It can lead to pharmacological treatments that may pose more risks than benefits due to substantial side effects
How do the symptoms of dmdd differ from ADHD or conduct disorder
They are driven by intense negative effect and mood distribution on like the symptoms of ADHD or conduct disorder
Why was it important to distinguish dmdd from bipolar disorder in children
To avoid miss diagnosis into ensure appropriate treatment as these children do not exhibit the distinct Mania required for bipolar diagnosis
What is a key objective for treating dmdd in future
Developing and evaluating effective psychological and pharmacological treatments for dmdt
How do symptoms of integrated grief differ from symptoms of acute grief
Integrated grief involves adjustments to the loss restored function and persistent but background feelings or sadness and longing where is acute grief involves intense and recurrent emotional and physical distress
What are common physical symptoms associated with pmdd
Discomfort severe mugability and anxiety before the menses
What is the exception in dsm-5 for mood disorders specific to a developmental stage
Disruptive mode disregulation disorder which can only be diagnosed up to 12 years of age
How much depression manifest in children under 3 years of age
Facial expressions irritability fasiness tantrums and eating or sleeping problems
What is the recommended diagnostic approach for preschool children with depression
The strict 2 week duration requirement for major depression may be set aside and a total of four symptoms rather than 5 including core symptoms like sadness irritability and hedonia may be sufficient
How do the question terms of depression change with age and children
Four symptoms of depression such as unhedonia hopelessness excessive sleep and social withdrawal may become more severe with age
What is one developmental difference in patterns of commodity between children and adults
Childhood depression and Mania are often associated with ADHD or conduct disorder whereas these comorbidities are less common and adults
What behaviors might adolescence with bipolar disorder exhibit
Aggression impulsion sexual provocation and accident prone prone
Why are moods disorders in children and adolescence particularly serious
Because of their likely long-term consequences including major depression anxiety disorders substance abuse and social impairment
How should childhood in Adolescent depression be approached given its serious consequences
It should be treated immediately or prevented if possible due to its dangerous in threatening nature
What are late onset depressions in the elderly associated with
Marked sleep difficulties illness anxiety disorder and agitation
Why can it be difficult to diagnose depression in older adults
Because those who become physically ill or begin to show signs of dementia might also become depressed
Which anxiety disorders are particularly common among elderly patients with depression
Generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder
What must clinicians specify when diagnosing a mood disorder in elderly patients according to the dsm-5
The presence in severity of anxiety when diagnosing a mood disorder because of its implications for severity course and treatment
Depression rate among women who have never previously been depressed
Nipples increases rates of depression among women who have never been previously depressed possibly due to biological factors like a decrease in estrogen distressing physical symptoms and other life events
How does the affect physical disease and death in the elden
Depression can contribute to physical disease and death in the elderly doubling the risk of death in those who are suffered a heart attack or stroke
How do depression rates differ between boys and girls in early childhood versus adolescence
In early childhood boys are more likely to be depressed than girls but an overwhelming surge of depression in Adolescent girls that persists until old age
What is a common characteristic of anxiety across different cultures
Somatic (physical forms like stomach aches chest pains or headaches instead of Fear panic or general anxiety
What social and economic conditions on reservations are related to the onset of mood disorders
Chronic major life stress such as appalling social and economic conditions
What is equifinality in the context of mood disorders
The concept that the same product such as depression can result from many causes
How might the cause of a depressive disorder differ between postpartum depression and depression following a romantic rejection
Postpartum depression arises after childbirth while depression following a romantic rejection is triggered by emotional pain despite different causes the episodes might appear similar
What factors are implicated in the etiology of mood disorders
Biological psychological and social factors
What does an integrative theory of mood disorders consider
The interaction of biological psychological and social dimensions noting the strong relationship between anxiety and depression
What factors have been reviewed in the study of mood disorders
Genetic and biological factors including neurotransmitters and the endocrine system sleep and circadian rhythms and brain activity associated with depression
What is the most striking unique contribution to the etiology of psychological disorders
Stress and trauma
What model is widely adopted to explain the onset of psychological disorders
Diathesis-stress model
What influences how individuals react to stressful life events
The context of the event and its personal meaning
How do current moons distort memories in the context of studying depression
People may remember events differently depending on their current mood making it difficult to get accurate retrospective reports
What method do investigators use to more accurately study the relationship between life events and depression
Following people of prospectively to determine the nature of events and their relation to psychopathology
How do genetically based personality characteristics influence the likelihood of depression
They may lead individuals to seek difficult relationship which increased the risk of depression
What does the Gene environment correlation model suggest about stressful life events and depression
Are genetic endowment might increase the probability that we will experience stress where life events that lead to depression
What is the reciprocal model in the context of depression and stressful events
It’s suggests that stress triggers depression and depressed individuals creator or are attached to stressful events and both processes can occur in the same individual
What does the reciprocal model indicate about the truth of causes of depression
Truth lies somewhere between the views of stress triggering depression and depressed individual creating stressful events
What is the d i a t h e s i s stress model of psychopathology
It is a model that explains psychological disorders is a result of the interaction between a predispositional vulnerability (dia t h e s i s) and stressful life events
What is a stronger predictor for initial episodes of depression compared to recurrent episodes
Major life stress
How do severe life stress and depression relate to treatment and remission
Severe life stress before or early in an episode predict a poorer response to treatment a longer time before remission and degrades are likelihood of your Currents
How do genetic endowment and stressful life events interact in the Gene-environment correlation model
Genetic endowment may increase the likelihood of experiencing stressful life events that trigger depression
What complicates the study of life events and their impact on depression
The subject of nature of personal experiences the context of events and the individual differences in interpreting and reacting to those events
What types of life events typically trigger a mania in individuals with bipologist order
Positive life events associated with striving to achieve important goals such as job promotions getting married or striving for popularity and financial success
How does the progression of bipolar disorder affect the relationship between stress and episodes
Initially stress triggers Mania and depression but as the disorder progresses episodes seem to develop independently of external stressors
What psychological Factor is important in depression and is linked to a ceiling loss of control
Learned helplessness
What is the basic premise of learned helplessness
People become anxious and depressed when they believe they have no control over the stress of their lives
What is the depressive attributional style according to Seligman’s Theory
The depressive attributional style is characterized by internal, stable and global attributions for negative events
How do humans react similarly to animals in the helplessness experiment
Humans just like animals become anxious and depressed when they feel they have no control over stresses in their lives
How do early negative events in childhood affect cognitive Styles and vulnerability to depression
They may lead to negative attributional styles making children more vulnerable to future depressive episodes when stressful events occur
How often do negative cognitive Styles relate to depression and and anxiety disorders
Negative conscious Styles preced and are risk factors for both depression and anxiety disorders indicating a non-specific vulnerability to this conditions
How does Beck’s cognitive theory explain the development of depression
Depression results for maternity to interpret everyday events in a negative way making the worst of everything
What are arbitrary inference and over generalization in Beck cognitive Theory
Arbitrary inference is emphasizing the negative aspects of a situation while over generalizing involves making broad negative conclusions based on a single event
What is the depressive cognitive triad
Consists of negative thoughts about oneself the world and the future
What are negative schemas in Beck’s cognitive Theory
deep seated negative cognitive belief systems about some aspect of life such as self-being and negative self-evaluation schemas
How do minor negative events affect individuals with negative cognitive Style
Manual negative events can lead to major depressive episodes due to automatic negative cognitive processing
What evidence supports the cognitive theory of depression
Depressed individuals consistently exhibit more negative thinking across the dimensions of the cognitive triad (solve world and future) than none depressed individuals
How can recognizing cognitive errors and schema’s help in treating depression
By correcting cognitive errors and underlying schemers it is possible to alleviate depression and related emotional disorders
How do cognitive Styles in individuals with bipolar disorder differ from those in depression
Individuals with bipolar disorder exhibit cognitive Styles characterized by ambitious goals driving perfectionism and self criticism in addition to depressive cognitive Styles
What is the implication of cognitive theories in understanding emotional disorders
Cognitive Theory suggests that recognizing and correcting negative cognitive Styles can significantly improve emotional disorders including depression and anxiety
How do negative cognitive Styles affect memory recall in depressed individuals
Depressed individuals are more likely to recall negative events when they are depressed compared to when they are not and more so than non-depressed individuals
How do stressful events relate to the onset of episodes in bipolar disorder
Stressful events strongly relate to the onset of bipolar disorder episodes triggering both depressive and manic episodes
How do stress in the progression of bipolar disorder interact
Stress triggers Mania and depression but is bipolar disorder progresses episodes develop independently sustaining the disorder
What is the relationship between stressful life events and the development of mood disorders
While significant stressful events can precipitate mood disorders many people experiencing such events do not develop with them indicating a need for vulnerability factors
What psychological Factor leads to learn helplessness
The feeling of loss of control over stress
What is the depressive attributional Style
cognitive style where one attributes negative events to personal failings (internal)
How does learned helplessness relate to depression
It may lead to depression if individuals develop a negative attribution of style that predisposes them to depressive episodes
What are soft blame and negative self-evaluation schemas
Self-plane schema makes the individual feel personally responsible for every bad event and negative self-evaluation schema them to believe they can never do anything correctly
How do cognitive errors and schema operate in depressed individuals
They are automatic and often unconscious leading to consistently negative thoughts that can trigger and maintain depression
How do se l i g m a n and b e c e theories of cognitive vulnerability for depression differ and overlap
Seligman Focuses on hopelessness and lack of control while Becky emphasizes negative thoughts. Both agree that cognitive vulnerabilities predisposed individuals to depression
How can cognitive vulnerability to depression be contagious
Individuals can develop similar cognitive Styles and depressive symptoms if they are in close contact with someone who has high vulnerability to depression
How does marital split affect men and women differently in terms of depression and risk
Men are at a higher risk of developing a mood disorder for the first time immediately following a marital split compared to women
What implication does depression have on marital relationships for men and women
Depression causes men to withdraw disrupting relationships while relationships problems often cause depression in women
Why is treating disturbed marital relationships important in mood disorder therapy
Treating the mood disorder and marital issues simultaneously can improve treatment success and prevent future relapses
How does the prevalence of disorders differ between men and women
Major depressive disorder and d y s t h y m i a are more prevalent in women while bipolar disorder is equally divided between genders
What societal factors contribute to higher rate of mood disorders in women
Cultural gender roles discrimination in Greater sensitivity to relationship disruptions
How do parenting Styles influence the development of psychological vulnerabilities children
Overprotective and smothering parenting Styles can prevent children from developing initiative increasing their risk for anxiety and depression
How does puberty affect the emergence of depression in girls
Early physical maturation and stressful transitions such as entering a new school can increase distress and depression in Adolescent girls
What role does rumination play in gender differences in depression
Women tend to ruminate and blame themselves more than men which can predict the later development of depression under stress
How do men’s typical response to stress differ from women’s in terms of depression
Men of an ignore their feelings and engage in distracting activities which can be therapeutic and reduce the risk of depression
What is the integrative theory of mood disorders
It’s suggests that depression and anxiety share a common genetic vulnerability influenced by psychological and life experiences leading to mood disorders
How do stressful life events interact with genetic vulnerabilities in mood disorders
Stressful events trigger the onset of depression in individuals with genetic and psychological vulnerabilities particularly for initial episodes
What wrong do stress hormones play in mood disorders
Stress hormones activated by stressful events affect neurotransmitters systems contributing to the development of mood disorders
How do interpersonal relationships influence mood disorders
Positive interpersonal relationships can protect against stress and more disorders while disruptions can trigger depressive episodes
What unique factors contribute to the activation of manic episodes in bipolar disorder
positive life events and disruptions in circadian rhythms due to an overly active behavioral approach system
What are the three key factors influencing the development of mood disorders
Biological psychological and social factors
How do biological treatments for mood disorder work
Biological treatments like antidepressants or electroconvulsive therapy altar neurotransmitter systems to relieve symptoms of mood disorders
What is cognitive therapy
It is a treatment approach that involves identifying an altering negative thinking Styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes
What are depressed patients taught in cognitive therapy
Two examine their thought process well depressed and recognize depressive errors in thinking
Is it important to identify errors in thinking in cognitive therapy
Because errors in thinking can directly cause depression
What does treatment in cognitive therapy involve
Relating cognitive errors in the substituting less depressing and more realistic thoughts and appraisals
What are underlying negative cognitive schemers
Characteristic ways of viewing the world that specific cognitive errors
What is the role of the therapist in cognitive therapy
To take the Socratic approach making it clear that the therapist and patient work as a team to uncover faulty thinking patterns
What are two major approaches to effective psychological treatments
Behavioral approach and interpersonal psychotherapy
What is the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis system of psychotherapy (cbasp)
It is a treatment that integrates Cognitive Behavioral and interpersonal strategies and focus on problem solving skills particularly in important relationships
What is mindfulness based cognitive therapy(mbct)
therapy that integrates meditation with cognitive therapy to prevent relapse in patients who are in remission from depression
What is the new focus of jacobson’s behavioral treatment approach
Preventing avoidance of social and environmental Cues that produce negative effect or depression and helping individuals face these cues
How effective is programmed aerobic exercise in treating depression
It is as effective as antidepressant medication and better at preventing Relapse particularly if patients continue exercising
Is the impact of exercise on the hippo campus
It increases neurogenesis in the hippocampus which is associated with resilience to depression
What does interpersonal psychotherapy (ipt) focus on
Resolving problems in existing relationships and learning to form important new interpersonal relationships
What are four interpersonal concerns addressed in ipt
- Interpersonal role disputes 2. adjusting to the loss of a relationship
- acquiring new relationships
- Correcting the deficits social skills
What is the first stage of resolving an interpersonal dispute in ipt
The negotiation stage where both partners are aware of the dispute in our trying to renegotiate it
What is the I m p a s s e stage in resolving an interpersonal dispute in ipt
The dispute smolders beneath the surface resulting in low-level resentment but no attempts are made to resolve it
What is the resolution stage in resolving an interpersonal dispute in ipt
The partners take some action such as divorce separation or recommeting to a marriage
How do cognitive therapy and ipt compare with antidepressant medications
Both psychological approaches and medication are equally effective immediately following treatment and more effective than Placebo conditions
How does ipt help women with postpartum depression
Ipt has positive effects and is a worthwhile strategy for women reluctant to take medication due to breastfeeding
What are the three types of preventive programs delineated by the Institute of medicine
- Universal programs
- Selected interventions
- Indicated interventions
What is the potential of teaching appropriate Cognitive and social skills to at risk children and adolescence
It might be possible to psychologically immunize them against depression before they enter puberty
How does living with a depressed parent affect the efficacy of preventive programs for adolescence
It lessens the power of preventive programs to some degree suggesting the need for coordinated family treatment
What has research shown about preventing depression in older adults and posts stroke patients
It is possible to prevent depression in these high risk groups
What is a mood stabilizer
Is a psycho pharmacological agent that prevents intense shifts in mood preventing both Mania and depression without inducing the opposite mood Pole
What is the primary use of stabilizers
Are you spend the treatment of mood disorders particularly bipolar disorder to prevent and treat pathological shifts in mood
How does a mood stabilizer differ from antidepressants and antipsychotics
Mood Stabilizers do not induce Mania or depression while depressants may induce Mania and anticyclotics may induced depression
What are the therapeutic properties of lithium
Lithium is an antimanic agent that prevents bipolar recurrences and has recognizable unto depressant properties
Why is lithium considered the gold standard in managing by polar one disorder
Despite its effectiveness it has important side effects and requires careful dosage regulation to prevent toxicity
What are some potential side effects of lithium
Lord thyroid functioning dehydration weight gain cardiac conduction problems renal failure seizures, death
What major advantage does lithium have over psychotropic agents
It reduces the risk of suicide
Why might some patients be unable to use lithium
They might not respond to lithium or find it and tolerable or have physical conditions that preclude its use
What are some commonly used anti-convulsant mood stabilizers
Sodium vaporate (epilim) valproic acid lamictin and tegretol
How does bipolar 2 disorder respond to anticonvulsant mood stabilization compared to lithium
Bipolar 2 disorder responds more favorably to anticonvulsant mood stabilization than to lithium
long-term risks associated with second generation antipsychotic agents in bipolar disorders
Obesity and metabolic syndrome
What is a significant disadvantage to anticonvalent mood stabilizers compared to lithium
There are less effective than lithium and preventing suicide
What is recommended for almost anyone with recurrent manic episodes
Maintenance on lithium or related agents to prevent relapse
Why do people with bipolar disorder often stop taking maintenance treatment
Because they like the euphoria that Mania produces
What methods are used to increase compliance with bipolar disorder treatment
Psychological treatments
Why is psychological intervention important in the treatment of bipolar disorder
To manage interpersonal and practical problems resulting from the disorder
What is interpersonal and social rhythm therapy(ipsrt)
A psychological treatment that helps patients regulate their eating and sleeping Cycles and cope more effectively with stressful life events
What is associated with Relapse in bipologist order
Family tension
Family Focus treatment combined with medication
It results insignificantly less relapse 1 year following treatment initiation compared to crisis management and medication
What is effective for bipolar patients with rapid cycling feature
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
What is the world Health organizations( w h o) definition of suicide
Any death resulting from an injury or other act that is self-inflicted with the intention to die
What factors should research focus on to better understand suicide risk
Social cultural diversity high prevalence of violence challenges of transformation unmet political expectations inequality unemployment poverty and inadequate access to Quality health care
What is a psychological autopsy
It is a postmortem psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed from interviews with people who knew the person before death
What biological Factor is associated with the increased risk of suicide
Low central nervous system serotonin activity
What specific component of depression strongly predict suicide
Hopelessness
What predicted suicide doll ideation
Depression combined with impulse control problems and anxiety or agitation
How do severe stressful events contribute to the risk of suicide
They are experienced is shameful or humiliating such as failure at school or work and unexpected arrest or rejection by a loved one
What is a significant risk factor for suicide that must be taken seriously
Past suicide attempts
What was the bereavement exclusion prior to dsm-5
A period or 2 months following a lost during which a diagnosis of major depressive disorder would not be made except in cases of severe symptoms like strong suicidal ideation or psychotic features
Does the bereavement exclusion dropped in the dsm-5
Major depressive episodes can be triggered by other events other than loss and the criteria for such episodes are the same with a triggered by loss or not
Why was the removal for the bereavement exclusion controversial
Some argued that it pathologized the natural grieving process and could lead to over prescription of antidepressants
What is 1 criticism of dsm-5 regarding the bereavement exclusion
Some critics suggests that the dsm-5 aims to increase business for mental health professionals and pharmaceutical companies
What do advocates for dropping the bereavement exclusion argue
That major depressive disorder or PTSD resulting from other major livestresses is not controversial so neither should be depression following the loss of loved one
How do advocates differentiate between grief and major depressive disorder
Grief involves waves of emptiness and loss triggered by thoughts of the did whereas major depressive episodes lack positive emotions with pessimistic thought processes and low self-esteem
Why do some mental health professionals propose not considering intense sadness or stress as a disorder
There argue that such experiences are part of Being Human and proportional to the loss or trauma experienced
What are two fundamental experiences contributing to mood disorders
A major depressive episode and Mania
What is a hypomanic episode
It is a less severe episode of manya that does not cause impairment in social or occupational functioning
Define a mixed episode or mixed state
It is an episode of Mania coupled with anxiety or depression
Unipolar disorder
Episodes of depression only
How is bipolar disorder characterized
By alternating between depression and Mania or hypomania
What’s the difference between major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder
Major depressive disorder is time limited persistent depressive disorder involves symptoms that remain relatively unchanged over long periods
What is the key identifying feature of bipolar disorders
The occurrence of repeated episodes of mood disturbances often alternating between manic or hypomanic and major depressive episodes
Cyclothermic disorder
A milder but more chronic version of bipolar disorder characterized by minor depression and hypomania
What do specifiers in mood disorders predict
They may predict the course or patient response to treatment
What are two psychological theories of depression
Learned helplessness and depressive cognitive schemas
What is one treatment for depression when other methods fail
Electroconvulsive therapy ECT
What are common antidepressant agents
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRI
What are some triggers for mood disorders
Negative or positive life changes and physical illness
What are the two fundamental experiences people with mood disorders may experience
Mania depression
What two psychological treatments are effective for depressive disorders
Cognitive therapy and interpersonal therapy
What are the three indices important in understanding suicide over behavior
Suicidal ideation plans and attempts
What is the psychological autopsy used for
To reconstruct the psychological profile of an individual who has committed suicide
What is light therapy
It is for seasonal affective disorder
What are the temporary side effects of electroconvulsive therapy ECT
Memory loss
State 5 treatments for mood disorders
Medication including antidepressants SSRI SRi tca’s Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT interpersonal psychotherapy electroconvulsive therapy ECT and light therapy
What may happen to a person during the Manic phase
- extreme pleasure and joy from every activity
- extraordinarily active
-sleep little without getting tired - racing thoughts and rapid speech
What are the three types of bipolar disorders
Popular one bipolar 2 and cyclothymia
What happens to a person during a depressive phase
The May lose interest in pleasurable activities and Friends they may feel worthless helpless or hopeless they may have trouble concentrating them may Lose or gain weight without trying they may have trouble sleeping say my feel tired all the time feel physical aches and pains that have no medical cause or think about death and suicide
What are the three types of depression
Major depressive disorder persisted depressive disorder dysthymia and double depression
What are the symptoms of major depressive disorder
- Being suddenly triggered by crisis, change or loss
- they are extremely severe interfering with normal functioning
- can be long-term lasting months or years if untreated
What characterizes Mania
Hyperactivity and reckless or unusual behavior
