Chapter 1: Flashcards
What functions are the prefrontal cortex responsible for?
- Problem solving, empathy and critical thinking.
- Attention span and impulse control.
What functions is the frontal lobe responsible for? What disorders is it associated with?
Functions: organizes, plans and controls some movement
Disorders: OCD, ADHD AND depression
What functions and disorders are associate with the Basal Ganglia?
Functions: Controls anxiety levels and coordinates movement
Disorders: Anxiety, Depression, OCD, Bipolarity an Panic
State the functions and disorders associated with the Thalamus
Function: Cortex relay center, manages incoming and outgoing signals
Disorders: OCD
Cerebellum functions and disorders
Function: coordinates fine muscle movement and balance
Disorders: Autism
Name 4 possible signs of OCD
- Counting things in groups
- Arranging things in a certain way
- Forgetting to do something buy thinking about it still
- Fear of harm.
Define the concept “Masturbatory Insanity”
It is a form of self-stimulation and a normal part of self-discovery and pleasant sensation seeking.
Is masturbating linked to any mental illness?
No. The idea was prominent before the 20th century and was debunked.
What are the 2 theoretical paradigms?
- Psychoanalytic theory (Sigmund Freud)
- Behaviorism (John B. Watson)
Give a brief background and explanation on Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory
- Freud rejected pessimism when it came to the treatment of children’s mental disorders, so he raised new possibilities for new treatment after making the discovery that most childhood disorders can be traced back to early childhood.
- As much as inborn drives play a role, experience also plays a role in psychopathology.
- According to this theory, personality and mental health outcomes are influenced by multiple factors and not just singular causes (which was a dominant view before the discovery of his psychoanalytic theory.)
Give a brief background and explanation on Behaviorism by Watson
- It was birthed in the 1900, initially intending to explain Freud’s theories
- The theory emphasizes for example through Little Albert’s case, that human behavior can be predicted and controlled.
- ‘behavior can be learned and unlearned through conditioning’
- controversy later arose, highlighting the contrast between behaviorist principles and Familial practices.
When did behavior therapy emerge?
1950s to early 1960s
What focused on modifying behavior instead of resolving internal conflicts, which contrasted with psychoanalytic approaches?
Behavior therapy.
State 2 examples of progressive legislation that have been put in place for people with special needs.
- IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) / Public Law 94-124
- UN Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (2007)
What does the IDEA mandate?
- Free and public education for children with special needs in the least restrictive environment.
- culturally appropriate assessments despite age
- IEP (Individualised Education Programme) tailored to each child’s needs.
What does the UN convention on the rights of persons with disabilities stipulate?
- State parties must take measures to ensure that disabled children fully enjoy their human rights and fundamental freedoms like all the other children (equally)
- Disabled children’s best interest shall be a primary consideration.
- State parties must ensure that disabled children are able to freely express themselves on matters that are concerning them and should be provided with relevant assistance to realize that right.
What are the 3 ranges of abnormal behavior? Give examples.
- Visible and alarming (physical assaults)
- Subtle yet critical (teasing and peer rejection)
- Hidden and systemic (depression and parental rejection.
What can help mental health professionals assist children in healthy adaption?
Understanding their strengths and abilities
What is requires inorder to make judgement on abnormal behavior?
Sensitivity to each child’s unique coping methods and how they compensate for difficulties.
What is the traditional definition of a psychological disorder?
A pattern of behavioral, cognitive, emotional or physical symptoms shown by an individual
Explain the 3 prominent features of a psychological disorder
- Some degree of distress like fear or sadness
- Some degree of disability in their behavior like impairment that limits physical, emotional, cognitive or behavioral functioning.
- Such disability and distress increases the reason of further suffering / harm like death, pain, important loss of freedom.
Define the term ‘stigma’
A cluster of negative beliefs and attitudes that motivate fear,rejection, avoidance and discrimination towards people with mental illnesses.
On what other basis does stigma bring discrimination?
Race, body size, religious beliefs, ethnicity, serial orientation,disabilities, language, etc.
What are the implications of stigma on the victim? Like people it mental disorders?
Low self-esteem, isolation and hopelessness. Embrassment and shame may also cause them to hide their symptoms or fail to seek treatment.
What is the primary purpose of using terms like ‘disorder’ and ‘abnormal behavior’ to describe the psychological status of children and adolescents?
To help clinicians and researchers to describe, organize and express the complex features that are associated with the various behavior patterns
What is the definition of competence?
Ability to successfully adapt in an environment.
How is developmental competence Manifested in children
It’s demonstrated by their capacity to use both internal and external resources to achieve successful adaptatio.
What are important factors to take into consideration when defining a child’s competence
Traditions, beliefs, languages and value systems because successful adaptation varies across cultures and ethnicities
State 5 obstacles which significantly influence minority and socio-economically disadvantaged children’s adaptation and development
Racism, prejudice, discrimination, oppression an segregation.
State 2 factors that should be taken into consideration when making judgments about a child’s deviancy
- The degree of maladaptive behavior that children show
- The extent to which they achieve no more developmental milestones
How do parents, teachers and professionals know whether child is doing well or Guide our expectations on how a child should Behave
By looking at developmental tasks which tell hard children typically progress within each domain as they grow
What are developmental tasks?
- broad domains of competence like conduct and academic achievement.
A guide to a Child’s developmental progress and impairments
Give 3 developmental tasks for a child between infancy and preschool
- Attachment to caregivers
- Language
- Being able to differentiate the self from the environment