Chapter 2 Flashcards
How does Jorge reflect behavioral inhibition?
He may approach new challenging situations with apprehension and fear.
What influences/affect a child’s of fear and anxiety?
Levels of stress hormones
An inherited tendency to respond with heightened arousal and sensitivity to the environment
Parents who grew up with similar problems.
State another reason how Jorge’s fear could’ve been influenced
His early neurological development and connection patterns on his brain could’ve been influenced bu the child rearing styles used by his parents.
State one reason for Jorge’s phonological awareness
Inherited genes
State 4 possible causes/influences of Jorge’s problem
- Biological influence
- Behavioral and cognitive influence
- Emotional influence
- Family, cultural and ethnic influence.
Explain biological influences to Jorge’s problems
- His problems could be rooted in issues the mother faced during his pregnancy like major illnesses and major stresses
- He may have inherited fear and anxiety from his parents; inheriting a tendency to respond to his environment with high arousal and sensitivity
- Child rearing styles used by his parents may have influenced his early neurological developments
Explain the emotional influences to Jorge’s problems
Jorge’s emotional reactions towards challenges like reading provide insight into his inner feelings
When faced with reading assignments or the thought of going to school, he experiences a lot of fear, almost panicking
The physical symptoms that accompany these emotions are a racing heart, quick breathing and thoughts of escape, leading to low concentration
What is emotional reactivity and expression?
Ways infants/children first communicate with the world around them
What is the most adaptive way to regulate the force of emotions by a child?
Seeking comfort from a caregiver which helps the child learn self regulation
State 7 important factors that need to be considered when addressing Jorge’s problems
- Frustrated parents
- Cultural differences
- Biological influences
- Anxiety and worry
- High levels of criticism at school
- Low self esteem
- Poor academic performance
Two perspectives from which to investigate John’s current situation using knowledge learning principles
The perspective of events that elicit fear or avoidance and events that maintain such a voidance by reducing unpleasant reactions
Give a behavior are approach to Georgia’s problems
Change aspect of his environment like the attention receives from his parents teacher for his gradual and slow efforts to see what effect this approach has on his school performance and behavior
What are cognitive influences in the context of George’s situation
Refers to how a person interprets events and is important to consider. What is the individual view the situation and does this view accurately reflect the situation?
Explain the term abnormal child behavior is multiply determined
Means that we have to look beyond the child’s current symptoms and consider developmental pathways and interacting events that contribute to expression of particular disorder overtime
What does abnormal child development is multiply determined mean
Abnormal child’s psychology has multiple causes. We have to look beyond factors their child’s current symptoms and consider multiple developmental pathways and how they contribute to the expression of a particular disorder over time
Give your opinion on the conclusion that George is simply lacking motivation
Is much as it as a reasonable explanation it is a one- dimensional causal model because it traces George’s difficulty so as a single underline cause which is simplistic
What does another way to view George’s difficulties consider
Multiple influences including his development of profile and ability his home in school environment and the ongoing dynamic interactions between those influences
Define what the multi-dimensional perspective is George’s reading problem
We would first access his current abilities by using multiple sources of data on his ability to function on different settings in other words would look at how he’s doing in different settings by using multiple and information sources
What is the meaning of the concept children in their environment are interdependent
This concept holds that the environment influences the child’s development and the child also influences their own environment. And simple terms this concept of interdependence appreciates how nature and nurture work together and are interconnected
How do children’s behaviors vary depending on the environment like home versus school and how do these differences affect the reasons behind their actions
Children elicit different reactions from the same environment and different environments elicit different reasons from the same child. In simpler terms Children Act differently depending on where they are like home versus swoon and their reasons for behaving that we can change
The term used for the dynamic the child and the environment
A transaction
What is a transactional view in the context of a child in the environment
Which regards both the child in the environment is actually contributors to adaptive and maladaptive behavior
Does the transactional perspective suggest
Suggests that children psychological disorders don’t reside within the child nor are they solely because of Environmental causes. Instead the come from a combination of sectors which interact in ways that follow general laws of organized development
Why is it uncommon for a psychological problems to suddenly appear without any warning signs or connections to earlier issues and how much these issues manifest as children grow older
Page 34 abnormal development involves continuities and to discontinuities. Psychological problems don’t just appear out of nowhere say I usually warning signs or links to earlier issues stop for example kids who have behavior problems early on often keep acting out as they grow up some problems my change over time
Define the term continuity
Implies that developmental changes are gradual and quantitative and that future behavioral patterns can be predicted from earlier patterns. Petrifice to behavior patterns and not specific symptoms that remain over time
Define discontinuity
Implies that developmental changes are abrupt and qualitative mood and expression not measured and third future behavior is fully predicted by earlier patterns
It can sometimes refer to an unexpected or an atypical outcome
Continuity is more supported from early onset and persistent conduct disorders which have a significant likely would of later involving in serious antisocial activity in other words continuity is well supported um from from behavior problems that start early and persist often leading through serious and a social act later on
Give an example of problem behaviors that seemed to follow a more discontinuous pattern meaning that they occur more suddenly without much prior warning
Eating disorders
Name positive and negative factors that can influence the continuity or discontinuity of development
Positive individual competence social intervention. Negative poverty and discrimination
Do you say George’s current behavior of patterns are continuous or discontinuous? Why?
They are both continuous discontinuous firstly some of his troubles like school and homework avoidance SIM qualitatively different from his reading disorder indicating discontinuity second link his behavior such as slow reading and comprehension seem to follow from his earlier academic problems indicating continuity
How do the concepts off and discontinuity relate to both normal and abnormal development and what role does consistency play in how children handle their experiences and environment?
Continuity and discontinuity help us understand both normal and abnormal development. Even though problems may change over time children usually shows some consistency and how they handle their experiences and surroundings with the it is helpful or harmful
Why is it important to be familiar with many theories and conceptual models?
Each contributes important sightings into normal end of normal development
Why is it important to be familiar with multiple theories and conceptual models?
Because no single theoretical orientation can explain various behaviors or disorders each contributes important insights into normal and abnormal behavior
What limits models that consider multiple causes?
The boundaries of their discipline
What factors do biological explanations of psychopathology emphasize?
The emphasized genetic mutations neuro autonomy and neurobiological mechanisms
What do psychological explanations of psychopathology focus on?
Say highlight causal factors such as insecure attachments cognitive distortions for mal adaptive reinforcement.
How do biological and psychological models differ?
They are both multi causal but they attach different importance to certain and processes
Why are models Limited in explaining of normal behavior?
Each model is limited to the extent that it feels to incorporate important components of other models
How are disciplinary boundaries evolving in psychology?
Such boundaries are diminishing as different perspectives taken to account important variables derived from other models
Do psychological theories offer contradictory views?
No they contribute pieces of the puzzle of atypical development without offering contradictory views
Explain the integrative approach
Is important to adopt an integrative approach because no single theoretical orientation can explain various behaviors so we must be some really with many theories and conceptual models because they all contributing to normal and abnormal development
What is the common ground that children psychological disorders share
adaptational failure in more than one areas of development
Define the term adaptation failure
It refers to the failure to progress in accomplishing developmental milestones
Why is it a challenge to disintangle the causes an outcomes of abnormal child behavior
they operate in dynamic and interactive ways
