Chapter 2 Flashcards
How does Jorge reflect behavioral inhibition?
He may approach new challenging situations with apprehension and fear.
What influences/affect a child’s of fear and anxiety?
Levels of stress hormones
An inherited tendency to respond with heightened arousal and sensitivity to the environment
Parents who grew up with similar problems.
State another reason how Jorge’s fear could’ve been influenced
His early neurological development and connection patterns on his brain could’ve been influenced bu the child rearing styles used by his parents.
State one reason for Jorge’s phonological awareness
Inherited genes
State 4 possible causes/influences of Jorge’s problem
- Biological influence
- Behavioral and cognitive influence
- Emotional influence
- Family, cultural and ethnic influence.
Explain biological influences to Jorge’s problems
- His problems could be rooted in issues the mother faced during his pregnancy like major illnesses and major stresses
- He may have inherited fear and anxiety from his parents; inheriting a tendency to respond to his environment with high arousal and sensitivity
- Child rearing styles used by his parents may have influenced his early neurological developments
Explain the emotional influences to Jorge’s problems
Jorge’s emotional reactions towards challenges like reading provide insight into his inner feelings
When faced with reading assignments or the thought of going to school, he experiences a lot of fear, almost panicking
The physical symptoms that accompany these emotions are a racing heart, quick breathing and thoughts of escape, leading to low concentration
What is emotional reactivity and expression?
Ways infants/children first communicate with the world around them
What is the most adaptive way to regulate the force of emotions by a child?
Seeking comfort from a caregiver which helps the child learn self regulation
State 7 important factors that need to be considered when addressing Jorge’s problems
- Frustrated parents
- Cultural differences
- Biological influences
- Anxiety and worry
- High levels of criticism at school
- Low self esteem
- Poor academic performance
Two perspectives from which to investigate John’s current situation using knowledge learning principles
The perspective of events that elicit fear or avoidance and events that maintain such a voidance by reducing unpleasant reactions
Give a behavior are approach to Georgia’s problems
Change aspect of his environment like the attention receives from his parents teacher for his gradual and slow efforts to see what effect this approach has on his school performance and behavior
What are cognitive influences in the context of George’s situation
Refers to how a person interprets events and is important to consider. What is the individual view the situation and does this view accurately reflect the situation?
Explain the term abnormal child behavior is multiply determined
Means that we have to look beyond the child’s current symptoms and consider developmental pathways and interacting events that contribute to expression of particular disorder overtime
What does abnormal child development is multiply determined mean
Abnormal child’s psychology has multiple causes. We have to look beyond factors their child’s current symptoms and consider multiple developmental pathways and how they contribute to the expression of a particular disorder over time
Give your opinion on the conclusion that George is simply lacking motivation
Is much as it as a reasonable explanation it is a one- dimensional causal model because it traces George’s difficulty so as a single underline cause which is simplistic
What does another way to view George’s difficulties consider
Multiple influences including his development of profile and ability his home in school environment and the ongoing dynamic interactions between those influences
Define what the multi-dimensional perspective is George’s reading problem
We would first access his current abilities by using multiple sources of data on his ability to function on different settings in other words would look at how he’s doing in different settings by using multiple and information sources
What is the meaning of the concept children in their environment are interdependent
This concept holds that the environment influences the child’s development and the child also influences their own environment. And simple terms this concept of interdependence appreciates how nature and nurture work together and are interconnected
How do children’s behaviors vary depending on the environment like home versus school and how do these differences affect the reasons behind their actions
Children elicit different reactions from the same environment and different environments elicit different reasons from the same child. In simpler terms Children Act differently depending on where they are like home versus swoon and their reasons for behaving that we can change
The term used for the dynamic the child and the environment
A transaction
What is a transactional view in the context of a child in the environment
Which regards both the child in the environment is actually contributors to adaptive and maladaptive behavior
Does the transactional perspective suggest
Suggests that children psychological disorders don’t reside within the child nor are they solely because of Environmental causes. Instead the come from a combination of sectors which interact in ways that follow general laws of organized development
Why is it uncommon for a psychological problems to suddenly appear without any warning signs or connections to earlier issues and how much these issues manifest as children grow older
Page 34 abnormal development involves continuities and to discontinuities. Psychological problems don’t just appear out of nowhere say I usually warning signs or links to earlier issues stop for example kids who have behavior problems early on often keep acting out as they grow up some problems my change over time
Define the term continuity
Implies that developmental changes are gradual and quantitative and that future behavioral patterns can be predicted from earlier patterns. Petrifice to behavior patterns and not specific symptoms that remain over time
Define discontinuity
Implies that developmental changes are abrupt and qualitative mood and expression not measured and third future behavior is fully predicted by earlier patterns
It can sometimes refer to an unexpected or an atypical outcome
Continuity is more supported from early onset and persistent conduct disorders which have a significant likely would of later involving in serious antisocial activity in other words continuity is well supported um from from behavior problems that start early and persist often leading through serious and a social act later on
Give an example of problem behaviors that seemed to follow a more discontinuous pattern meaning that they occur more suddenly without much prior warning
Eating disorders
Name positive and negative factors that can influence the continuity or discontinuity of development
Positive individual competence social intervention. Negative poverty and discrimination
Do you say George’s current behavior of patterns are continuous or discontinuous? Why?
They are both continuous discontinuous firstly some of his troubles like school and homework avoidance SIM qualitatively different from his reading disorder indicating discontinuity second link his behavior such as slow reading and comprehension seem to follow from his earlier academic problems indicating continuity
How do the concepts off and discontinuity relate to both normal and abnormal development and what role does consistency play in how children handle their experiences and environment?
Continuity and discontinuity help us understand both normal and abnormal development. Even though problems may change over time children usually shows some consistency and how they handle their experiences and surroundings with the it is helpful or harmful
Why is it important to be familiar with many theories and conceptual models?
Each contributes important sightings into normal end of normal development
Why is it important to be familiar with multiple theories and conceptual models?
Because no single theoretical orientation can explain various behaviors or disorders each contributes important insights into normal and abnormal behavior
What limits models that consider multiple causes?
The boundaries of their discipline
What factors do biological explanations of psychopathology emphasize?
The emphasized genetic mutations neuro autonomy and neurobiological mechanisms
What do psychological explanations of psychopathology focus on?
Say highlight causal factors such as insecure attachments cognitive distortions for mal adaptive reinforcement.
How do biological and psychological models differ?
They are both multi causal but they attach different importance to certain and processes
Why are models Limited in explaining of normal behavior?
Each model is limited to the extent that it feels to incorporate important components of other models
How are disciplinary boundaries evolving in psychology?
Such boundaries are diminishing as different perspectives taken to account important variables derived from other models
Do psychological theories offer contradictory views?
No they contribute pieces of the puzzle of atypical development without offering contradictory views
Explain the integrative approach
Is important to adopt an integrative approach because no single theoretical orientation can explain various behaviors so we must be some really with many theories and conceptual models because they all contributing to normal and abnormal development
What is the common ground that children psychological disorders share
adaptational failure in more than one areas of development
Define the term adaptation failure
It refers to the failure to progress in accomplishing developmental milestones
Why is it a challenge to disintangle the causes an outcomes of abnormal child behavior
they operate in dynamic and interactive ways
What are fundamental aspects of biological behavioral systems?
Change and reorganization
What is an organizational view point?
Is a viewpoint that closely looks at psychological processes that may explain how the biological and behavioral systems influence each other
According to the organization of development perspective what do early patterns of adaption develop into?
Early patterns of adaption like infant eye contact and speech sounds evolve into higher order functions like speech and language
What does an organizational view of development imply?
It implies an active dynamic process of continual change and transformation
What are sensitive periods in development?
These are times when both the good and bad environmental influences on development are enhanced
Give two examples of sensitive periods
During infancy infants are highly sensitive to emotional Cues and closeness to their caregiver which helps them create secure attachments toddlers are highly sensitive to basic sounds of language which helps them distinguish sounds and combine them to form words
Are sensitive periods only opportunities for learning?
No sensitive periods are enhanced opportunities for learning but to change can also occur at other times
How is human development described?
That is described as a process of increasing differentiation and integration resembling a network of interconnecting pathways
How to changes in abilities influence further developmental success or failures?
As children develop greater abilities to show signs of adaptive failure these changes influence there further developmental success or failures
3 prominent features from developmental psychopathology perspective. How have they shaped our approach to abnormal child psychology?
- Abnormal development is multiply determined
- Child and environment are interdependent
- Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities
What causes abnormal behavior (psychological perspectives)
Transactions between environmental and individual influences
What makes children the way they are today?
Inherited characteristics and environmental experiences and influences.
Explain why a child would be maladaptive according to the psychological perspective
Fearfulness or watchfulness may indicate an environment of parental abuse or school violence.
Which cognitive processes play a role in helping the child make sense of the world and to reorganize earlier maladaptive functions for new challenges like peer interaction?
Cognitive processes like self-efficacy
What do infants use to organize new info and avoid harm?
Emotion.
What are core elements of human psychological experience and the central feature of infant activity regulation?
Emotion and affective expression.
What stress regulating hormone backs emotions? Why?
Cortisol. For healthy adoptions.
What affects a child’s social relationships quality?
Emotional experiences, regulation and expressions.
What do emotions serve as?
An internal monitoring and guidance system that assesses whether a situation is beneficial or dangerous and gives motivation for an action.
What about emotions do childresn lean in the first and second year of life?
First year: they learn the importance of emotions for communication and regulation
Second year: they have some ability to link cause to emotional expression.
What are the 2 dimensions of emotional processes?
- Emotional reactivity
- Emotional regulation.
Define emotional reactivity.
Individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experiences, which clues on an individual’s level of distress and sensitivity to the environment.
Define emotional regulation
Enhancing, maintaining/inhibiting emotional arousal for a specific purpose.
Where in jorge’s case is a transactional process?
Emotional reactions prompting emotional regulation, influencing further emotioa expression.
Distinguish between regulation and dysregulation
Regulation problems: weak control structures
Dysregulation: maladaptive functioning of existing control structures.
Why is the child-caregiver relationship in the process of children learning to identify and monitor their feelings and behavior?
It provides the basic setting for children to express their emotions and to experience caring guidance without any limitations.
Authoritative parents…
Set limits that take into account the child’s unique developmental stage and requirements which also fosters self control and healthy regulation.
What is ‘numbing’
A symptom of Post Traumatic Stress reactions (emotional and sexual abuse) which serves to protect the child from overwhelming pain and trauma.
what is the development of regulation/dysregulation of emotion derived from?
Socialization dn innate predispositions
Define ‘Temperament’
A child’s style of behavior that appears in early development, eg- fussiness or fearfulness. It shapes their approach to the environment.
Temperament is a subset of the broader personality domain.
What 3 primary dimensions of temperament are linked to normal and abnormal child development?
- Positive effect approach- easy child, approachable and adaptive to the environment and regulates basic functions smoothly.
- Fearful/inhibited- slow to warm up, cautious to challenges. They are variable in adaptability and may reach negatively to some situations.
- Negative affect/ irritability- difficult, intense mood, not very adaptable. Generally shows distress or irritability when limited
When is temperament established?
During early brain development.
What can an infants negative affect contribute to?
Insecure attachment.
Why is a fearful/cautious temperament linked to better self control?
The child is less impulsive and takes tike to make choices.
What is the best formula for healthy, normal adjustment?
Self-regulation.
A balance between emotional reactivity and self control
When are personality disorders diagnosed?
Late adolescence or early adulthood
Name 6boersonalitu disorders according to the DSM 5
- Antisocial
- Schizoid
- Avoidant
- Obsessive Compulsive
- Borderline
- Paranoid
What is the common criteria for the 10 types of disorders?
Am enduring noticeably deviant pattern of inner experiences and behavior (from their culture)
Which 5 dimensions were children’s temperaments observed and evaluated?
- Uncontrolled
- Inhibited
- Confident
- Reserved
- Well-adjusted
Which temperament do undercontrolled children show? Which temperament t did they show as adults
Impulsive, irritability and restless ask children
Upset, overreacting and complained of being mistreated and betrayed by others.
Which temperament did inhibited children show? Which temperament t did they show as adults
Fearful and easily upset
Unassertive and take little pleasure in life.
Which temperament did confident children show? Which temperament t did they show as adults
Friendly and eager to explore
Extroverted adults
Which temperament did reserved children show? Which temperament t did they show as adults
Timid and uncomfortable
Unassertive and viewed as introverts.
Well adjusted children
Behaved in age appropriate manners at both points in lie.
What do behavioral and cognitive explanations of abnormal child behavior emphasize
They emphasize principles of learning and cognition which shapes child’s behavior and how they interpret what’s around them
What does applied behavior analysis focus on?
Focuses on observable behavior and rejects the idea that cognitive meditation is necessary to explain behavior.
What does the social learning theory rely on?
Cognitive processes and explanations.
What is the purpose of applied behavior analysis by BF Skinner?
It examines the relationship between behavior and its antecedents and consequences (functional approach to behavior)
What does ABA describe and test?
Functional relationships between stimuli responses and consequences.
What factors do social learning explanations consider?
Overt behaviors and the role of possible cognition mediators which may directly or indirectly influence behavior.
How can behavior be learned according to Bandura?
By operant and classical conditioning and indirectly through observation.
How can children learn a new behavior according to the social learning theory?
Watching another person behave without reinforcement or practice
What does social learning theory incorporate regarding behavior acquisition?
The role of social cognition I’m acquiring desirable and undesirable behavior.
What does social cognition relate to?
How children think about themselves and others which results in the formation of mental representations of themselves, their relationships and social world.
Are the mental representations formed by social cognition fixed?
No. They update based on maturation and social interaction.
How do children’s cognitive development contribute to how they understand themselves and surroundings?
Development in reasoning, problem solving and making attributions helps them make sense of who they are and how they relate to their surroundings.
What factors does children’s norlam/ abnormal development depend on?
Biological, psychological and social and environmental influences.
What does understanding context require when it comes to social and environment context?
Consider both proximal and distal events and direct impinging events at a particular time and situation.
2 types of environmental influence
Shared and non shared types.
What are shared environmental factors?
Factors in the environment that produce similar developmental outcomes among siblings
What are nonshared environmental factors?
Environmental factors that produce different behavior outcomes in siblings
Examples of nonshared environmental factors
Different treatment from parents, peer influences, school environment
Examples of shared environmental factors
Exposure to poverty or marital conflict and being parented in a similar manner.
What does bronfenbrenner’s ecological model illustrate?
The richness and depth of the various layers of a child’s environment by portraying it as a series of nested and interconnected structures
What is at the center of the sphere of influence in the ecological model?
The child
How does the child’s immediate environment begin?
The child’s immediate environment begins with family members and home surroundings but quickly grows more complex as the child enters preschool, visits neighborhood parks,and makes friends.
How do social settings effect the child?
Social settings also effect the child even when the child does not directly experience these influences.
What governs how children how children should be treated and what they should be taught according to the ecological model?
Cultural identity
