Chapter 6 Flashcards
illness anxiety disorder(previously hypochondriasis)
A condition where an individual is excessively concerned about illness or bodily dysfunction
What behavior is indicates somatic symptom disorders
preoccupation with health or appearance to the extent that it dominates one’s life
Somatic symptom disorder
extreme and long-lasting focus on multiple physical symptoms which no medical cause, associated with distress and maladaptive use of healthcare resources
What is common among somatic symptoms disorders
An excessive or adaptive response to physical symptoms and associated behaviors such as frequent hospital visits
What term is used for disorders with physical symptoms without non-medical cause
Medically unexplained physical symptoms
What are dissociative experiences
They are sensory experiences that involves slight alterations or detachments in consciousness or identity which are perfectly normal
What is dissociative disorder
It is a disorder where individuals feel detached from others or their surroundings causing disintegration of reality experience and identity
What did Sigmund Freud suggest about conversion Hysteria
That unexplained physical symptoms indicated the conversion of unconscious emotional conflicts into a more acceptable form
What happened to the term neurosis in the diagnostic system
It was eliminated in 1980 for being too vague and implying an unproven specific cause for disorders
What are some triggers that might cause somatic symptom disorders
Information events illnesses or images that cause perceived threats
What is the sick r o l e
It’s suggests that a person who is ill adopt a social role of being sick with certain rights and obligations based on social norms
What does illness anxiety disorder primarily focus on
Severe anxiety about the possibility of having or developing a serious disease even if physical symptoms are mild or absent
What is the key difference between somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder
Somatic symptom disorder involves severe physical symptoms with associated anxiety while illness anxiety disorder involves anxiety primarily about being sick without prominent physical symptoms
How does anxiety play a role in somatic symptom and related disorders
Anxiety leads to misinterpretation of physical sensations increasing the focus on and Miss perception of these sensations as signs of serious illness
What biological and psychological factors contribute to somatic symptom disorders
A combination of genetic predispositions such as hyperresponsivity to stress and psychological vulnerabilities such as viewing negative life events as uncontrollable
What is a disease conviction and how does it relate to anxiety illness disorder
It is the mistaken belief of having a disease a core feature of illness anxiety disorder leading to constant seeking of medical reassurance
How do somatic symptom disorders and panic disorders differ in their focus on symptoms
Panic disorder Focuses on immediate catastrophic fears during panic attacks while somatic symptoms disorders focus on long-term illnesses or diseases
Why do children with anxiety about physical sensations and illness often report to the same symptoms as their family
They may have learned to focus on their anxiety on specific physical conditions and illness from their family members
How can stressful life events contribute to the development of somatic symptom disorder or illness anxiety disorder
They often develop in the context of a stressful life event because stress is highly correlated with somatic symptoms
How does a history of family disease during childhood influence the development of somatic symptom disorders in adult Hood
Individuals may carry strong memories of illnesses from childhood which can become a Focus of anxiety in adult Hood
What role does the sick role play in the development of somatic symptoms disorder
Learning that being ill can result in increased attention and avoidance of responsibilities can contribute to the development of these disorders
How is severe somatic symptom disorder linked to antisocial personality disorder(a PSD)
Both disorders are linked in family and genetic studies suggesting a possible heritable component
What are some shared characteristics between apsd and severe somatic symptom disorder
Both disorders begin early in life run a chronic course predominate among lawa socio-economic classes and are difficult to treat an R associated with substance abuse and marital discord
What might explain the difference in behavior in apsd and severe somatic symptom disorder despite a common neurophysiological vulnerability
Social and cultural factors especially gender roles influence the expression of the underlying biological vulnerability
How is impulsiveness related to both aspd and somatic symptom disorders
Impulsiveness leads to behaviors that seek short-term gains at the expense of long-term problems which is seen in both disorders
What management strategies are used for somatic symptoms disorder at the family support clinic
Strategies include providing reassurance reducing stress assigning a gatekeeper physician and promoting healthy social interactions without reliing on being sick
How has the treatment of conversion disorder evolved in the dsm
Conversion disorder is now considered asomatic symptom disorder in the dsm-5 but continues to be characterized as a dissociative condition in the international classification of diseases
What are the main features of conversion disorder
Physical malfunctioning such as blindness or paralysis without organic pathology often inconsistent with typical neurological and anatomical constraints
How do social and cultural factors influence the manifestation of severe somatic symptom disorder and a SPD
Gender socialization plays a significant role with aggression and aspd being associated with males and dependence and somatic symptoms is order being associated with females
What were factictious disorders formerly known as?
Munchausen’s syndrome
What characterizes fictitious disorders
The intentional deceitful production of physical or psychological symptoms or dysfunction without an external motivation primary lead to assume the sick rule
How do fac t i t i o u s disorders differ from malingering
Unlike malingering factitious disorders do not have an identifiable secondary gain such as avoiding duties or prosecution
What is the primary gain of fictitious disorders
It refers to the reduction of intra psychic tension and the Assumption of the sick role in order to elicit nurturance
What is pseudologia fantastica
It is a characteristic of factitious disorder where limited factual information is mixed with extensive and colorful fantasies
Why was munchausen’s syndrome named after Carl Frederick heronimus Barron Munchausen
He was famous for his exaggerated and untruthful anecdotes
What is fictitious disorder imposed on another
It is when an individual often a mother deliberately makes another person typically their child sick to gain attention and sympathy as a caregiver
What are some common characteristics of individuals with factitious disorder
They often have a history of extensive medical treatment as children hold grudges against the Medical Profession work in medically related fields and have poor social support
What are the two mechanisms suggested by the psychodynamic approach for the development of somatic symptoms in fact tissues disorder
Primary again (anxiety reduction) in secondary gain (additional attention and sympathy)
How does the concept of primary gain relates to la b e l l e indifference in fact tissues disorders
Primary gain explains la b e l l e in difference where individuals are not distressed about their symptoms because it protects them from anxiety
Management strategies for f*** t-shirts disorders
Focus on reducing morbidity and mortality addressing underlying emotional needs legal and ethical consideration and establishing a strong therapeutic Alliance
What role do medications play in treating fictitious disorders
Medication has limited use but ssri’s may help reduce impulsive behavior when it is prominent
What is the best form of treatment for fictitious disorders
Early detection to prevent painful and potentially dangerous diagnostic procedures
Why is psycho-education of stuff and clinicians important in managing fact t-shirts disorders
It helps avoid counter transference and ensures that the patients are treated effectively despite the deceptive nature of their illness
What is a common diagnostic method used to identify factitious disorder imposed on another
Video surveillance of the child in the hospital to catch the caregiver induce the illness
Are dissociative experiences and when are they likely to occur
They involve feeling detached from oneself or surroundings as if dreaming or living in slow motion they are likely to occur after extremely stressful events or when tired or sleep deprived
What are the two main types of dissociative experiences
Depersonalization(feeling detached from one self) and derelization( feeling that the external world is unreal or drastically changed)
What are common comorbidities found in individuals with depersonalization-derealization disorder
Anxiety mood and personality disorders
What cognitive deficits are associated with depersonalization-derealization disorder
Deficits in attention information processing short-term memory and spatial reasoning
How does depersonalization-d realization disorder affect emotional responses
Reduced emotional response and deficits in Perception and emotional regulation linked to disregulation in the HPA access
What is dissociative amnesia and its primary symptom
It involves the inability to recall personal information usually of a stressful or traumatic nature and can be generized or localized/selective
What is dissociative f u g u e then how does it manifest
It involves sudden unexpected travel away from home the inability to recall the past and sometimes the Assumption of a new identity
What treatments are available for depersonalization-derealization disorder
Psychological treatments have not been systematically studied and medications like fluxetine have shown no significant effects of compared to Placebo
What is a dissociative trance and when is it considered a disorder
It is an altered State of Consciousness where people believe that they are possessed by spirits. It is considered a disorder when it causes distress and disunction
What is dissociative identity disorder (did)
Formerly known as multiple personality disorder is a disorder where as many as 100 identities or Fragments of identities coexist within one body and mind
What is an altar in the context of did
It is shorthand term for alter Eagles which are the different personalities or identities in d i d
What is the host identity in the ID
It is the personality that seeks treatment and attempts to hold the various fragment in identities together
What is a switch in dissociative identity disorder
A switch is the transition from one personality to another usually instantaneous and sometimes involving physical transformations
How does did relate to the d i a thesis-stress model
Dissociative identity disorder follows a dia this is hyphenis stress model suggesting that both and inherited vulnerability and specific stressful conditions are required to develop the disorder
Biological contributions to did
Smaller hippo campal and amygdala volumes neurological disorders head injuries and the effects of sleep deprivation
What is the prognosis and treatment for did
It typically runs a chronic course and seldom improves spontaneously. Treatment involves long-term psychotherapy to reintegrate identity’s confront and relive trauma and manage triggers
How does sleep deprivation affect individuals with did
It can worsen dissociative symptoms in individuals often like into bed jet lag
What strategies do therapists use to treat did
The identify and neutralized trauma related cues help patients relive trauma to gain control of the memories and used techniques like hypnosis to access traumatic memories
What are the controversies surrounding did in the dsm-5
Dsm-5 has changed the classification of somatic symptom and related disorders to focus on the severity of physical symptoms and anxiety reducing the burden on Physicians to determine the physical causes of symptoms
What are the causes characteristics and treatment for illness anxiety disorder
Causes of illness anxiety disorder; increased anxiety intensified focus on sensations faulty interpretation of physical sensations
Characteristics: severe anxiety over physical problems that are medically undetectable affect women and men equally emerge at any age and are evident in diverse cultures
Treatment: psychotherapy to challenge illness perceptions and counseling or support groups to provide reassurance
Causes characteristics and treatments for somatic symptom disorder
Causes: eventual social isolation immediate sympathy and attention continue our development of new symptoms
Characteristics: multiple physical symptoms without medical bases runs in families heritable basis onset is usually in adolescence and only persists in old age
Treatment: hard to treat CBT to provide reassurance to reduce stress into minimize help seeking behavior and therapy to broaden from relating to others
What are the causes characters sticks and treatment for conversion disorder
Causes: social influences (symptoms Learned From observing real illnesses or injury) reduced by incapacitating symptoms and live stresses or psychological conflict
Characteristics: severe physical dysfunctions (paralysis and lineness) without corresponding physical pathology affected people are generally unaware that can function normally and it is prevalent and low socioeconomic groups
Treatment: the treatment is the same as with somatic symptom disorder with emphasis on resolving live stress or conflict and reducing help seeking behavior
Which disorder does did share similar etiology
PTSD because both conditions feature strong emotional reactions to severe trauma with 1 perspective suggesting that did is an extreme subtype of PTSD just with much emphasis on the process of dissociation than on the symptoms of anxiety
What is the one main feature reported by people presenting with did
Aldot trauma including unspeakable child abuse which supports the theory that did is rooted in a natural tendency to escape or dissociate from the negative effect associated with severe abuse
What are the factors besides childhood trauma contributes to the development of did
Individual experience in personality factors
What is the dsm-54 dissociative identity disorder
A. Disruption of identity that is characterized by two or more distinct personality States which may be described in some cultures is possession the disruption is marked by discontinuity in sense of self and sense of agency accompanied by related alterations in affect behavior consciousness memory perception cognition and or sensory motor functioning. These signs and symptoms may be observed by others or reported by the individual. B. Recurrent gaps in recall of everyday events important personal information or traumatic events that are inconsistent with ordinary for getting. C the. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social occupational and other important areas of functioning. DD. The disturbance is not a normal part of a broadly accepted cultural or religious practice. E for stop the symptoms are not attributable to the psychological effects of a substance or another medical condition
What physical transformations may occur during a switch in tid
Change in posture facial expression or patterns or facial wrinkling and even physical disabilities
What is localized/ selective amnesia
Memory loss limited to specific times and events particularly traumatic events
What is generalized amnesia?
Loss of memory of all personal information including identity
Which diseases can be characterized by severe forgetting or amnesia
Cognitive disorders such as alzheimers disease
DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for derealisation disorder
