Chapter 7

Question 1

A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen (O2) as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP. Most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms.

Answer 1

Aerobic Respiration

Question 2

The oxidation of organic or inorganic substrates for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation using alternate electron acceptors other than oxygen.

Answer 2

Anaerobic Respiration

Question 3

The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP.

Answer 3

Cellular Respiration

Question 4

A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.

Answer 4

Redox Reactions

Question 5

The source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.

Answer 5

ATP

Question 6

The oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that can accept electrons.

Answer 6

NAD+

Question 7

The reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which temporarily stores electrons during cellular respiration. An electron donor to the electron transport chain.

Answer 7

NADH

Question 8

The oxidized form of flavin adenine dinucleotide that accepts high energy electrons and carries them to the electron transport chain where they’re used to synthesize ATP.

Answer 8

FAD+

Question 9

The reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide that’s created during the Kreb’s cycle and utilized during the electron transport chain.

Answer 9

FADH2

Question 10

The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

Answer 10

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Question 11

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

Answer 11

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 12

A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration.

Answer 12

Glycolysis

Question 13

Converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA, releasing one CO2 in the process.

Answer 13

Pyruvate Oxidation

Question 14

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA to CO2. Second major step in cellular respiration.

Answer 14

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)

Question 15

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

Answer 15

Electron Transport Chain

Question 16

An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as ATP synthesis.

Answer 16

Chemiosmosis

Question 17

A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. Found in inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells.

Answer 17

ATP Synthase

Question 18

The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.

Answer 18

Proton Motive Force

Question 19

Separates the inter membrane space from the cytosol.

Answer 19

Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

Question 20

Active site for the electron transport chain and ATP production.

Answer 20

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Question 21

Small lumen between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes.

Answer 21

Intermembrane Space

Question 22

Site of oxidative phosphorylation where ATP is produced by ATP synthase in a mechanism involving the respiratory chain complexes and the proton motive force.

Answer 22

Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 23

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

Answer 23

Fermentation