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Biology 106 Lecture > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

Cellular Respiration

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1
Q

Take in energy from the environment and convert it into a form that cells can use

A

Cellular respiration

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2
Q

Strip an electron from an atom in a compound

A

Oxidation

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3
Q

Add the electron to another compound

A

Reduction

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4
Q

The combined effects of concentration and electrical gradients across a semipermeable membrane

A

chemiosmosis

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5
Q

requires oxygen

A

aerobic

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6
Q

doesnt require oxygen

A

anaerobic

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7
Q

uses oxygen if present but can switch to fermentation if needed

A

facultative aerobe

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8
Q

when cells use an organic molecule other than oxygen as an electron acceptor to recycle NAD+

A

fermentation

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9
Q

The series of reactions that producers and consumers use to extract energy from the bonds of sugar molecules is called…?

A

Cellular respiration

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10
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Oxidation and reduction reactions occur together

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11
Q

How does the cell harness transfer energy through redox reactions?

A

The removal of an electron from a molecule results in a decrease in potential energy in that molecule; shifting the electron to a different compound increases the potential energy of the second compound

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12
Q

What happens to the potential chemical energy in a molecule when electrons are added or removed?

A

When an electron is removed, the potential energy decreases; when it is added, the energy increases

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13
Q

What are electron carriers? Name two examples.

A

Compounds that readily accept and donate electrons; NAD and FAD

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14
Q

From what group of molecules are most electron carriers derived?

A

B vitamin group

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15
Q

What is NAD? Where does it come from? What is its oxidized/reduced form?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; derived from Vitamin B3; oxidized=NAD+; reduced=NADH

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16
Q

What is FAD? Where does it come from? What is its oxidized/reduced form?

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide; derived from Vitamin B2; oxidized-FAD+; Reduced=FADH2

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17
Q

What is a reducing agent? What is an oxidizing agent?

A

A compound that reduces another is called a reducing agent and a compound that oxidizes another is called an oxidizing agent

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18
Q

How does glucose enter a cell if it is to be used in cellular respiration?

A

Secondary active transport against a concentration gradient; integral proteins called GLUT proteins (glucose transport proteins) through a form of facilitated diffusion

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19
Q

What are the four major steps of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Oxidation of Pyruvate, Citric acid cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation

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20
Q

Which of the four steps require oxygen? Which do not?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation requires energy and the other three do not

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21
Q

–Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

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22
Q

Gycolysis –What is the starting molecule(s)?

A

6-carbon glucose ring structue

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23
Q

Gycolysis–What is the end product(s)?

A

2 molecules of 3-carbon pyruvate sugars

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24
Q

Gycolysis–Where is energy required? How much is required?

A

Required in the first half; 2 ATP

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25
Q

Gycolysis–Where is energy produced? How much is produced?

A

Produced in the second half; 4 ATP

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26
Q

Gycolysis–How many electron carriers are reduced? What happens to them?

A

2 NADH, used as electron acceptors later on

27
Q

Regarding the oxidation of pyruvate:–Where does this step take place?

A

mitochondria

28
Q

Regarding the oxidation of pyruvate:–What is the starting molecule(s)?

A

3 carbon pyruvate that is changed into a 2 carbon molecule

29
Q

Regarding the oxidation of pyruvate:–What is the end product(s)?

A

Acetyl CoA

30
Q

Regarding the oxidation of pyruvate:–Where is energy required? How much is required?

A

No energy is required

31
Q

Regarding the oxidation of pyruvate:–Where is energy produced? How much is produced?

A

No ATP is created

32
Q

Regarding the oxidation of pyruvate:–How many electron carriers are reduced? What happens to them?

A

One NAD+ is reduced to NADH

33
Q

Regarding the citric acid cycle:–Where does this step take place?

A

Matrix of the mitochondria

34
Q

Regarding the citric acid cycle:–What is the starting molecule(s)?

A

Acetyl CoA

35
Q

Regarding the citric acid cycle:–What is the end product(s)?

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1ATP for each turn

36
Q

Regarding the citric acid cycle:–Where is energy required? How much is required?

A

No energy is required

37
Q

Regarding the citric acid cycle:–Where is energy produced? How much is produced?

A

2 ATP is produced

38
Q

Regarding the citric acid cycle:–How many electron carriers are reduced? What happens to them?

A

6 NADH, 2 FADH2

39
Q

Regarding the citric acid cycle:–What is the benefit of having a cyclical step in cellular respiration?

A

It is continuous and will stop only when there is enough ATP in the cell

40
Q

Regarding the electron transport chain:–Describe the complexes making up the ETC.

A

The complexes work together with high energy electron carriers to from the ETC and transport electrons through a series of redox reactions; Two electrons are passed from NADH to complex I and proceed down the chain to II, III, and IV…, Two electrons from FADH2 are passed to complex II (bypassing complex I) and proceed to complex III and IV.

41
Q

Regarding the electron transport chain:–Where does this step take place?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes

42
Q

Regarding the electron transport chain:–What is the starting molecule(s)?

A

electrons

43
Q

Regarding the electron transport chain:–What is the end product(s)?

A

Reduce molecular oxygen to produce water

44
Q

Regarding the electron transport chain:–Where is energy required? How much is required?

A

none

45
Q

Regarding the electron transport chain:–Where is energy produced? How much is produced?

A

34 ATP

46
Q

Regarding the electron transport chain:–How do the different electron carrier molecules interact with the ETC?

A

NADH=3 ATP; FADH=2 ATP

47
Q

Regarding the electron transport chain:–What direct role does oxygen play?

A

reduced to from water

48
Q

What is the purpose of the reduction of all the electron carrier molecules? What happens to them after they have served their purpose?

A

They are able to accept more electrons

49
Q

What is the energy from the electrons involved in all the redox reactions used to do?

A

Couple reactions to send protons to create a concentration gradient

50
Q

What is chemiosmosis? How does it transfer energy? What ions are involved?

A

The combined effects of concentration and electrical gradients across the semi permeable membrane, the free energy generated from this series of redox reactions in the ETC is used to run integral proton protein pumps, the pumps transport hydrogen ions

51
Q

Where does the chemiosmotic gradient occur in the cell?

A

ATP synthase in the mitochondrial matrix

52
Q

How do the ions move back across the membrane?

A

They moved back into the matrix via the ATP synthase

53
Q

How is the energy transferred to ATP?

A

The energy is then coupled to add phosphate groups

54
Q

What is the theoretical energetic yield of cellular respiration? What is a more realistic estimate of energy yield?

A

The theoretical yield is 38 ATP molecules but a more realistic is about 30 to 32

55
Q

Why is there such variation in the amount of energy actually made?

A

The number of hydrogen ions in the ETC complexes can vary between species and intermediate compounds and these pathways are used for other purposes

56
Q

How are carbohydrates other than glucose, proteins, and lipids used as sources of energy?

A

Carbohydrates such as glycogen can be cleaved into glucose and other carbohydrates can be catabolized as well, proteins can be broken down into their amino acid parts and then used, lipids such as cholesterol and triglyceride can we broken down at various steps in the glucose metabolic pathway

57
Q

What is the limiting factor in performing glycolysis in the absence of oxygen? How is this overcome?

A

The limiting factor is NAD+ for step six of glycolysis, this can be solved through anaerobic cellular respiration

58
Q

Name and describe the two major types of fermentation.

A

The first type of fermentation is lactic acid fermentation this is when lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate molecules into lactic acid oxidizing NADH into NAD plus to produce to ATP, the second type of fermentation is alcohol fermentation which produces ethanol and CO2 gas while oxidizing NADH to NAD

59
Q

How is NADH oxidized in each of the two types of fermentation?

A

energy coupling

60
Q

What is the net ATP production in fermentation?

A

2

61
Q

Name two reasons why cellular respiration should be regulated.

A

To provide balanced amounts of energy in the form of ATP without being wasteful, to generate a number of intermediate compounds that are used in the building of macromolecules

62
Q

How is cellular respiration regulated?

A

GLUT proteins that transport glucose, number and specificity of enzymes, the use of coenzymes

63
Q

Give two specific examples of feedback inhibition on the rate of cellular respiration.

A

Phosphofructokinase is the main enzyme controlling glycolysis where high levels of ATP or product decrease the enzymes activity and slowed glycolysis, the rate of electron transport through the ETC pathway is slowed by high levels of ATP and speed up by high levels of ADP

Biology 106 Lecture (19 decks)

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