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Biology 106 Lecture > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

Biological Macromolecules

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Macromolecule

A

a sub-set of organic molecules that are especially important for life. Their fundamental component is carbon

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2
Q

Functional group

A

groups with specific chemical properties

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3
Q

Hydrophobic

A

water fearing/hating

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4
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water loving

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5
Q

Amphipathic

A

has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts (phospholipid)

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6
Q

Monomer

A

long chains of carbon rings with different groups

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7
Q

Polymer

A

combination of many monomers using covalent bonds

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8
Q

Denaturation

A

alteration of the peptide bonds that lead to a change in protein shape and often results in the loss of protein function

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9
Q

Name the 4 macromolecules

A

Lipid, Protein, Carbohydrate, Nucleic Acid

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10
Q

Understand how functional groups are classified as hydrophobic or hydrophilic.

A

A functional group is charged or polar will interact with water and be classified as hydrophilic
A functional group that is not charged or polar would not interact with water and would be hydrophobic

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11
Q
  1. Know the basic structure of each of the monomers (monosaccharides, hydrocarbon chains, amino acids, and nucleotides) that make up the four macromolecules.
A
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12
Q

What is the basic chemical formula for a carbohydrate?

A

(CH2O)n

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13
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

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14
Q

Classify a monosaccharide based on the number of carbons.

A

3-7 carbons (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose)

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15
Q

Classify a monosaccharide based on the position of the carbonyl group.

A

If it is at the end of the chain, it is Aldose; If it is the second from the end, it is Ketose

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16
Q

For each of the examples of monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, and fructose) know where they occur in nature, and if they are an aldose or ketose.

A

Glucose-Energy storage in plants and animals; Aldose
Galactose-Sugars found in milk, also in avocados and beets; Aldose
Fructose-Sugars found in fruits, honey, “root vegetables”; Ketose

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17
Q

What type of bond is formed between monomers in a disaccharide?

A

Glycosidic bond; covalent bond

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18
Q

For each of the examples of disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose) know where they occur in nature, and of which two monomers they are composed.

A

Sucrose-Table sugar; Glucose and Fructose
Lactose-Milk sugar; Glucose and Galactose
Maltose-Malt/grain sugar; Glucose and Glucose

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19
Q

For each of the examples of polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin) know where they occur in nature.

A

Starch-stored form of glucose in plants
Glycogen-stored form of glucose in humans and animals
Cellulose-Cell wall in plants (structural)
Chitin-exoskeleton of arthropods and fungal cell walls

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20
Q

Know which types of glycosidic bonds lead to branching or straight chain polysaccharides.

A

1-6 branches the chain; 1-4 is a straight chain

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21
Q

What is the distinguishing characteristic of a lipid?

A

hydrophobic

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22
Q

List some of the functions lipids provide.

A

Long-term fat storage, insulation, building block of many hormones, important for cellular membrane

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23
Q

Name the four main types of lipids.

A

Fats/oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids

24
Q

Fats consist of what two basic molecules?

A

Glycerol and fatty acid

25
Q

What type of bond is formed between a glycerol and a fatty acid?

A

Ester bond

26
Q

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?

A

Saturated is only single bonds between C molecules while unsaturated has hydrocarbon chains with double bonds

27
Q

Which is fat harmful to our health and which is beneficial?

A

Unsaturated is beneficial while saturated is harmful

28
Q

In what ways do they harm or benefit humans? (fats)

A

Unsaturated can help to lower cholesterol levels in the bloods while saturated can cause plaque to form in the arteries

29
Q

What does it mean if a fat is monounsaturated vs. polyunsaturated?

A

Monounsaturated means that there is only one double bond while polyunsaturated has more than one double bond in the hydrocarbon

30
Q

Why do some plants utilize waxes?

A

Conserve water in the plant and birds use to prevent water from sticking to their feathers

31
Q

Where are phospholipids found?

A

Plasma membrane

32
Q

What is different about the structure of a phospholipid vs a fat?

A

Fats have 3 fatty acid chains while phospholipids only have 2 fatty acid chains

33
Q

What parts of the phospholipid are hydrophobic and what is hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head

34
Q

In a cell membrane, how are the phospholipids arranged?

A

Two layers with the heads facing out to the environment and the tails touching the other tails

35
Q

In what way are steroids structurally different from other lipids?

A

Steroids have a fused ring structure

36
Q

What is the most common steroid in the human body and why is it important?

A

Cholesterol-precursor to Vitamin D, Hormones (testosterone, estrogen), Digestive salts (aid in fat absorption)

37
Q

List several functions of proteins.

A

Structural, regulatory, contractile, protetive

38
Q

What is the basic monomer that make up proteins?

A

Amino acids

39
Q

How many different amino acids are there? How are they different?

A

20 amino acids as a result of 20 different R-groups that give a unique form and function

40
Q

What is the name of the bond linking amino acids together to form peptides?

A

Peptide bond

41
Q

What is the term used to describe a chain of amino acids?

A

polypeptide

42
Q

How is a polypeptide different from a protein?

A

It is only called a protein once the polypeptides are joined together and have a distinct shape and a unique function

43
Q

Name the four levels of protein structure and how they are different.

A

Primary-sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain
Secondary- folding of polypeptide in some regions
Tertiary-3d structure with complex chemical interactions mainly with the R-groups
Quaternary-polypeptides are sub-units and several join together

44
Q

What are the two most common secondary structures? Which type of bond holds the secondary structures together?

A

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet; hydrogen bonds

45
Q

Which types of bonds hold the tertiary structure together?

A

Complex-ionic, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, special disulfide linkages

46
Q

What term describes the polypeptides that interact to form a quaternary structure?

A

Sub-units

47
Q

Explain what “denaturation” is and give examples of conditions under which it may occur.

A

Altering bonds in a protein that changes the shape and causes loss of function
Temperature, pH, exposure to chemicals

48
Q

Name the two main types of nucleic acids and their functions.

A

DNA-genetic material in all living organisms, has information to make proteins and RNA products, turns genes on or off
RNA-protein synthesis with DNA direction, types

49
Q

What are the monomers that make up nucleic acids called?

A

Nucleotide-nitrogenous base, phosphate group, pentose sugar

50
Q

How do the monomers differ between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA-deoxyribose sugar and Thymine
RNA-ribose sugar and uracil

51
Q

What is the name of the bond between the phosphate group and the sugar group that joins the backbone of nucleic acid molecules?

A

Phosphodiester bonds/linkages

52
Q

What type of bond is found linking the nitrogenous bases?

A

Hydrogen bonds

53
Q

Know whether DNA and RNA is double or single-stranded.

A

DNA is double RNA is typically single

54
Q

Describe the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in complementary DNA strands.

A

A double bonds to T
C triple bonds to G

55
Q
A

Biology 106 Lecture (19 decks)

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