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Biology 106 Lecture > Chapter 6a > Flashcards

Chapter 6a Flashcards

Metabolism

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1
Q

how energy flows through living systems

A

Bioenergetics

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2
Q

All of the chemical reactions that take place inside cells

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

A specific series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate into a final product

A

metabolic pathway

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4
Q

building

A

anabolism

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5
Q

breaking down

A

catabolism

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6
Q

energy associated with objects in motion

A

kinetic energy

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7
Q

energy associated with the potential to do work

A

potential energy

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8
Q

type of potential energy that exists within chemical bonds and is released when those bonds are broken

A

chemical energy

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9
Q

a measurement used to quantify the amount of energy transferred when chemical bonds are broken and others are created during a reaction

A

free energy

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10
Q

Reactions that release free energy

A

exergonic

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11
Q

Reactions that require an input of free energy

A

endergonic

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12
Q

the study of energy and energy transfer in physical matter.

A

thermodynamics

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13
Q

the physical matter involved, and the environment it is in

A

energy system

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14
Q

the amount of randomness or disorder within a system

A

entropy

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15
Q

What is the conceptual difference between anabolic reactions and catabolic reactions? Which requires energy and which releases energy?

A

Anabolic is building and catabolic is breaking down
Anabolism requires energy and catabolism releases energy

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16
Q

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are which types of reactions?

A

Photosynthesis is anabolic and cellular respiration is catabolic

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17
Q

What is the relationship between kinetic energy and potential energy? Given a scenario, be able to identify it as an example of kinetic or potential energy.

A

Kinetic energy is associated with objects in motion, potential energy is associated with the potential to do work
If released, potential energy could be transferred to kinetic energy

18
Q

How is chemical energy related to potential energy?

A

Chemical energy is potential energy that exists within chemical bonds and is released when those bonds are broken

19
Q

Be able to identify several common high-energy molecules used to transfer chemical energy:

A

-ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
-NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
-NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)

20
Q

Be able to apply the concept of free energy as it relates to exergonic and endergonic reactions.

A

Reactions that release free energy are exergonic
Reactions that require an input of free energy are endergonic

21
Q

Understand how anabolic and catabolic processes relate to the concepts of endergonic and exergonic reactions.

A

Anabolic processes require endergonic reactions
Catabolic processes require exergonic reactions

22
Q

Understand how the first and second laws of thermodynamics are applied to biological systems.

A

The laws of thermodynamics are laws of physics that govern the transfer of energy in an among all systems in the universe

23
Q

Are biological systems open or closed systems? Why?

A

All are open system (energy can be transferred from the system to the surroundings)

24
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

First-energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy is transferred from place to place/organism to organism

25
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Second-none of the energy transfers are completely efficient
In every energy transfer, some of the energy is lost in a form that is usually heat energy

26
Q

Much of the energy lost from every transfer of energy is lost in what form?

A

Heat energy

27
Q

What is the main energy currency common to all living organisms? Why do cells need this energy currency?

A

ATP; is an energy supplying molecule that contains within some of its bonds, the potential for quick bursts of transferrable energy

28
Q

What is the basic molecular structure of AMP? What 3 molecules is it composed of?

A

Adenine bound to a ribose and a single phosphate group

29
Q

How does a molecule of AMP differ from ADP or ATP?

A

Amount of phosphate groups

30
Q

Which of the bonds in the ATP molecule store the majority of transferable chemical energy?

A

The bonds that link the phosphates; the third to second are highest

31
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Phosphate bonds are broken using a molecule of water

32
Q

Know and understand the products and reactants of the hydrolysis reaction of ATP to ADP.

A

ATP+H2OADP+Pi+Free energy

33
Q

What is phosphorylation? What is dephosphorylation?

A

Binding a phosphate group to a molecule

34
Q

What is energy coupling? How is it applied in the case of the dephosphorylation of ATP?

A

Strategy where cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed

35
Q

In human (and most animals) cells, a large percentage of ATP is spent powering what pump?

A

Sodium Potassium Pump

36
Q

Why is the ATP molecule so unstable?

A

The phosphate groups are negatively charged and repel each other

37
Q

Is the regeneration of ATP from ADP exergonic or endergonic?

A

Requires energy so it is endergonic

38
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation? How is the sodium-potassium pump an example of this?

A

The energy from de-phosphorylation is used in the same reaction to phosphorylate a different molecule

39
Q

~90% of ATP is regenerated from what type of process? Where does this process occur in eukaryotic cells? In prokaryotic cells?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation; mitochondria of eukaryotic cells; plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells

40
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation relies on what transport process?

A

chemiosmosis

Biology 106 Lecture (19 decks)

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